Hypoxia

HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) activators or stabilizers are oral compounds that act via the HIF pathway to stimulate EPO production.22This is an easier method of administration compared to rhEPO, which needs injections. In consequence, they are less visibly detectable and less painful to use. These compounds include chemical elements such as Xenon, Argon and Cobalt.22 Recently in the 2014 winter Olympic Games, Russian athletes were caught abusing HIF activators.22Normally, the HIF pathway is…

permanent, as there are not pharmacological therapies to reverse the primary mechanical injury. However, the secondary SCI may be reduced using the proper rehabilitation techniques. Pivotal components of the secondary injury pathway include ischemia and hypoxia, lack of blood supply and lack of oxygen, respectively, that may lead to programmed cell death, or apoptosis. Once the secondary pathway is onset, it triggers the activation of many inflammatory molecules that can be harmful. Though, the…

1. What factors should be considered to provide maximal protection when people are exercising in the cold? To avoid excessive heat loss, our bodies use peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, and shivering, which is usually not enough. Peripheral vasoconstriction We must also rely on behavioral responses like huddling behavior and putting on more clothing to help insulate our deep body tissues from the environment. During aerobic exercise, clothing insulation and exercise…

During this period, excessive negative intrathoracic pressure will be generated, causing an increase in left ventricular afterload, reduce in cardiac output and progression of pump failure. Increased afterload and hypoxia can also make patients more prone to myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias (Bradley and Floras, 1996). Apart from sleep apnea being associated with cardiovascular diseases, patients who are suffering from pulmonary hypertension (PH), a rare lung…

function related to the ferroportin protein found in all cells involved in iron homeostasis. Ferroportin is crucial for cellular iron export and is the only iron efflux mechanism. The expression of ferroportin is increased in iron deficiency and hypoxia. (Babitt, 2010; Grotto, 2010). Hepcidin binds to ferroportin, causing its internalization and degradation and in turn affecting the release of iron for hemoglobin synthesis. In patients with CKD, there is an accumulation of…

pre-existing lung disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2007;29(4):770-792. http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/29/4/770. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00052606. 6) Christensen CC, Ryg MS, Kare Refvem O, Henning Skjonsberg O. Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on blood gases in patients with restrictive lung disease. European Respiratory Journal. 2002;20(2):300-305. http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/300. doi:…

on their forehead and gently tilt their head back. With your fingertips under the point of the victim's chin, lift the chin to open the airway. Airway obstruction is an emergency. Get expert help immediately. Untreated, airway obstruction causes hypoxia and risks damage to the brain, kidneys and heart, cardiac arrest, and death. Look for the signs of airway obstruction: • Treat airway obstruction as a medical emergency: Obtain expert help immediately. Untreated, airway obstruction causes…

independent of the amount of oxygen inspired in healthy subjects (14). This means that exercise improvement in these individuals must depend on something other than improving oxygen delivery to the active muscles, as hypoxia is less of an issue (14). Whereas in disease-states such as COPD hypoxia is an issue from the beginning of exercise and therefore oxygen may…

This condition was in one of the clinical correlations which I thought was interesting how the body’s energy processes worked against themselves. Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare, inherited life-threatening condition that is induced by general anesthetic drugs such as halothane. Generally, most cases show no signs or symptoms until individuals are exposed to anesthesia. However, there are cases where an individual with MH goes under anesthetics and will not react. The reaction includes a…

C.M an 85 year old male came to the hospital presenting with short of breath, cough, increased respiratory effort, and wheezing. He was diagnosed with Pneumonia. C.M is a former smoker. He smoked a half a pack of cigarettes for 25 years. When smoking, the toxins breathed in irritate the respiratory system causing inflammation. Smoking for 25 years probably contributed to chronic bronchitis. C.M had a cough. The cough could have been from the chronic bronchitis. The bronchial mucus gland…