Hypothalamus

A pathogen causes a disease only if it can (1) gain entry, either by penetrating the surface of the skin or by entering through some other portal of entry; (2) attach itself to a host cell and (3) evade the body’s defense mechanisms long enough to produce harmful changes. In this research paper, I will discuss the differences between innate and adaptive immunity along with the chemical and physical factors that are involve in these immunities. It is easy to cluster the structures, cells, and…

1. The different types of respiration are cellular, internal, and external. In external respiration there is an exchange between air and blood in the lungs and internal has exchange between the blood and body tissues. Cellular respiration is a chemical reaction inside the mitochondria of cells in and cellular metabolism is converting energy in food to become ATP. 2. The olfactory mucosa is the lines of the roof in the nasal cavity. The respiratory mucosa is lining the rest of the nasal cavity…

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a syndrome in which a person experiences unusual changes in mood, typically from “highs” that are full of energy and activity, to “lows” in which the person experiences depression and dark moods. This used to be called “manic-depression” because people see-sawed between manic (highly active) moods and depressive moods. According to some statistics, as many as 5.7 million U.S. adults (about 2.5% of the adult population) suffer from bipolar disorder, and it…

Stem cell research is good because of the numerous medical advancements it proposes. Recently, a group of researchers discovered two new methods using stem cells to generate and study hypothalamic neurons. The hypothalamus is a very small section of the brain that serves as a regulator for basic physiological functions. Because it is such a small area within the brain, researchers have not been able to study live hypothalamic cells. With today’s technology and the…

The Effects of Color and Light on Mood and Emotion Since ancient times, color has been credited with almost magical power over mood. “19th-century color healers, who claimed to cure everything from constipation to meningitis with glass filters”(Gruson 1982) . Although this outmoded form of medicine has since been discredited and replaced by modern remedies, the idea of color affecting physiology is relevant today. Daily life entails unavoidable exposure to a plethora of colors such as white…

Detected changes in arterial gas content (CO2 & O2) and subsequent rises in ventilation are modulated by central command mechanism in the hypothalamus (Eldridge, 1994). There are several respiratory feedback mechanisms responsible for communicating with central command—namely—central chemoreceptors due to arterial pressures of CO2 (PCO2), or peripheral chemoreceptor carotid bodies as the result…

but it is under control by the thermoregulatory center which can be found in the hypothalamus (Rizzo the part of the brain that controls secretion from the pituitary gland (2006 p. 485)) which apprehend information from two fixed thermoregulation receptors (needed for the body to make its appropriate adjustment). The main purpose of these…

One of the other types of stress is Episodic Acute Stress. When acute stress starts to happen, more often it is called episodic acute stress. People who always seem to have a continuous crisis in their life seem to have episodic acute stress. People that tend suffer from this always seem to be in a rush, they take too much on and tend not to be able to organize themselves to deal with demands and pressures. People who have Episodic Acute stress are often short-tempered, irritable, and anxious.…

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypothalamus contains parvocellular neurons synthesizes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) which will stimulate the anterior pituitary to synthesize and release adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) (Plotsky et al., 1993). Adrenocorticotropin…

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms who use various systems of control to maintain homeostasis, the stable internal equilibrium that is brought by certain physiological processes. When a stable internal environment changes, it is the responsibility of the animal’s body to bring conditions back to equilibrium. Animals maintain homeostasis to survive successfully; homeostasis is maintained by feedback systems within the body. These feedback systems regulate aspects of…