Hypothalamus

You’re hiking through the woods when all of a sudden you hear a stick crack. You look cautiously around for the hazard, but you see no one. Your heart starts racing. You begin to sweat. Your mouth dries and you feel butterflies in your stomach. Your hair stands on end. You feel a surge of energy and in a split second you find yourself running away from the noise. Whether you’re aware of it or not, your body just went through a response known as the fight or flight response also known as the…

I Blame the Hormones By: Taylor Aubin Organs and tissues that make up the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, suprarenal glands, pineal gland, parathyroid glands, heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, digestive tract, pancreas, and gonads. The effects of the endocrine system are vast and impact almost every organ and cell of the body. This system produces hormones that help maintain homeostasis through the regulation of metabolism, growth, tissue function,…

The second axis that comprises the stress response stage is the neuroendocrine (fight or flight) axis, which causes intermediate stress effects (Everly & Lating 2013). First, the body engages in a fight or flight response in the presence of a perceived threat, and the primary organ involved in this is process is the adrenal medulla (Everly & Lating, 2013). Next, at the time of this publication, researchers had identified that the dorsomedial amygdlar complex as the utmost point for which the…

Fear is most commonly recognized as a simple feeling we get when faced with a potentially dangerous situation. However, it is a complex response from the brain in order to protect ourselves from a threatening situation. Fear is not as simple as it may seem, and there are many aspects to it that are overlooked including the process and effects, as well as many other things. There are five parts of the brain involved with fear and the response to it. The thalamus receives incoming data and decides…

the system include the ARC (arcuate nucleus), PVN (paraventricular nucleus), LHA (lateral hypothalamus area), VMN (ventral medial nucleus), and DMV (dorsalmedial nucleus) at the hypothalamus; the NTS (nucleus tractus solitarii) at the brainstem; the NAcc (nucleus accumbens) and amygdala in the prefrontal cortex; and the cortex. (B) The major appetite signal reception and integration occur in the hypothalamus. In the ARC, the NPY/AgRP neuron (green) produces NPY and AgRP while the POMC/CART…

thinners. Adrenal insufficiencies can be caused if a patient does not take the administered amount of corticosteroid medication prescribed. An injury to the hypothalamus can cause Addison’s disease. The hypothalamus is in the brain that produces hormones that tell the endocrine glands to begin or stop production of hormones. An injury to the hypothalamus can cause a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) deficiency. CRH instructs the pituitary glands to produce an adrenocorticotropin hormone…

Introduction Neural circuits which are involved in fear/threat learning and emotional memory have been studied in various ways including human subjects and laboratory animals. We will first discuss the basic circuits involved in fear conditioning and emotional memory learning. After that, two specific systems – norepinephrine (NE) projections from locus coeruleus (LC) and serotonin (5-HT) projections from dorsal raphe nuclei (DR) – and its effects on threat learning and fear conditioning will…

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the adrenal…

because it develops feelings of affection, trust, and attachment among people. It reduces the negativities that may otherwise harm relationships and fills people with the positive energies and feelings towards each other. Synthesis of Oxytocin Hypothalamus has different functions including the production of oxytocin. That is the area in the forebrain in which…

In the hypothalamus, there is a neural circuit known as the melanocortin system, which includes two populations of neuron located in the arcuate nucleus, that express the proopiomelanocortin propeptide (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). POMC propeptide is the precursor to the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (α, β, and γ-MSH) (Roseberry, Stuhrman et al. 2015). The melanocortin system plays a significant role in controlling feeding and body weight…