Hyponatremia

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) filters the plasma through the glomerulus capillary blood pressure and into the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (Sherwood, 2007, pp. 508-509). The filtrate subsequently travels into the proximal tubular so that sodium absorption occurs. The tubular reabsorption is the filtrate that flows through the tubules and the substances of value returns to the perutubular capillary plasma into the blood stream (Sherwood, 2007, p. 506). Such that the body can…

Why the system is important? The purpose of osmoregulation is to maintain a constant, optimal osmotic pressure within the body or cell. (Biology online, 2009). It allows the body to maintain a suitable concentration of solutes and of water in body fluids. Water is needed in the body for the reasons mentioned above such as providing trasport of substances, acting as a solvent and for use in evaporative cooling mechanisms. This means as humans we must maintain an optimum level of water in the…

cause of the change in insulin requirements which brought on the DKA episode. Also an EP was ordered along with an urgent potassium and a venous blood gas to check the level of metabolic acidosis. The sodium is only slightly low so there is some hyponatremia present and definite severe metabolic acidosis due to the low pH and base excess. The lactate is very high which can happen when a diabetic patient takes metformin and it will need to be investigated to prevent lactic acidosis also…

Many kids are in sports but too many of these sports are hurting or even killing these young kids. These days many youth sports are becoming too intense. For one too many kids are getting hurt while playing these sports. Another reason is many parents are forcing their kids to play sports that they don’t want to play. The final reason is kids are being forced to drink water and sports drinks which are making the kids sick and causing overhydration. Too many kids are being hurt while playing…

(ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone.) Significant low results from the initial sample showed hyponatremia with a sodium level of 103mmol/L, hypochloraemia with a chloride level of 64mmol/L and low total CO2 of 19mmol/L. Hyponatremia is the most common initial laboratory finding as cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid activity and it is also required for free water excretion. A loss of aldosterone activity also leads…

hyperglycemia. This excess of glucose in the blood stream has branching effects that create imbalances in other parts of the body. Hyperosmolality is an effect of the excess presence of glucose in the blood stream and is followed by dilutional hyponatremia, which is a condition in which there are lower levels of sodium, or salt, in the blood than normal. Osmotic diuresis, another effect of the increased blood glucose levels, provokes the loss of electrolytes and fluid. • Hyperketonemia occurs…

ciprofloxacin for prophylaxis, have echocardiogram levels reviewed due to define his murmur, and be administered a compression given his thrombocytopenia due to low platelet count and baseline coagulopathy. Considering the examiners diagnoses, hyponatremia secondary to diuresis, several helpful nursing interventions would include the assessment of vital signs, regulation of normal bodily functions, and intake and output of fluid. According to Fundamentals of Nursing (Berman & Snyder, 2012, pg.…

Introduction- thesis Serial killers have been treated the same throughout the years for the most part, but many have been proven to have some form of psychological disorders. Although they have done wrong things, it does not mean we should treat them inhumanely- they are people! Serial killers deserve to have psychological treatment and should not be denied that opportunity because of the heinous things they may have done, because of these disorders. The right to an education should not be…

Delirium is a subacute fluctuating disturbance of consciousness characterized by disorientation, inattention, disordered thinking, cognitive impairment, emotional lability, hallucinations or delusions, and sleep-wake cycle disturbance (DynaMed, 2016). Delirium can occur in patients of all ages, but the highest incidence is seen in older patients 65 years and above (DynaMed, 2016). Delirium can be recognized by five key elements namely: (1) Disturbance in attention and awareness; (2) Develops…

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting all ages. Epileptic seizures occur as a brain insult that results in one of three forms. Seizures can be systemic, toxic or metabolic. Epilepsy has been defined as brain disorder characterized by enduring predisposition to generate seizures, by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological and social consequences of the condition. An epileptic seizure is defined as a transient event of signs and symptoms due to abnormal excessive neuronal…