Hydroxyl radical

of iron (II) to hydrogen peroxide, the generation of hydroxyl radicals is also observed. In this particular ratio, the presence of organics does not seem to inhibit the effectiveness of the iron catalyst, as all the iron (II) was converted to iron (III) in a series of experiments. Without the organics present, the hydrogen peroxide reformed by reacting slowly with iron (III) to produce ferric salts, which then degrade into more hydroxyl radicals. The actions of these two iron species, iron (II)…

give rise to semiquinones and o-quinones by any oxidizing enzyme or transition metal ions such as Cu2＋ or Fe3 [66, 67, 68]. ROS including superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals is generated when semiquinones are converted to o-quinones and o quinones are reduced back to catechols and semiquinones. These metal ions and hydroxyl radicals are responsible for oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins [69, 70]. Sulfation of E2 leads to decreased hormonal activities by facilitating…

greater proportion the formation of hydroxyl radicals than the sulfate , this can be due to some free radicals that are scavenged and the formation of some chlorinated inorganic radicals like Cl•, HClOH•/ClOH•-, Cl2 ・-) The difference between the chloride and sulfate are for few reasons. First, the sulfates radicals are known more reactive tan the dichloride anion radicals which can react with the phenolic compounds. Second, the formation of hydroxyl radicals is 3 times higher with sulfate.…

Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotes obtained through endosymbiosis with prokaryotes billions of years ago. They are organelles with their own DNA and outer and inner membrane and few organelles, because they lost many of their organelles to the Nuclear DNA of the eukaryotes which resulted them being dependent of the cell they live in This endosymbiosis is very crucial for eukaryotes survival since mitochondria produce the energy needed for the cell to survive through oxidative…

Just because it is being done surely does not make it safe, but the point here is that you find MUCH less reservation about the use of hydroxyl generators in the presence of humans or animals. Use a thermal fogger Remember those nifty fog producing machines at the last concert or rave you went to? Most of the time, that eerie fog effect is produced with something called a thermal fogger…

Recent research shows that AgNPs enhance luminol fluorescence and chemiluminescence by acting as a catalyst with hydrogen peroxide. When AgNPs interact with hydrogen peroxide they cause the peroxide to degrade into superoxide and hydroxyl radical, which also react with luminol to form 3-aminophthalate (Equations 2-5) [13]. The further degradation of hydrogen peroxide into other reactive oxygen species promotes higher fluorescence intensity. Figure 5 shows the increased fluorescence intensity…

This process involves oxygen in the break down of glucose, resulting in the production of two important free radicals – superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical (Bogdanov et al., 1998). Among these two, the hydroxyl radical is the most potent one; however, if these radicals are not broken down into pieces, then they will accumulate in high concentrations and will eventually begin to kill cells. There is no clear cut pathophysiology known yet…

The first enzyme to be inactivated by ultrasonic waves was pepsin about 60 years ago and the mechanism of inactivation was cavitations (Geckeler, 2009). Heat was the common method used in inactivation of enzymes, however, was observed to lower the quality of the preserved food as well as destroying food nutrients. Ultrasound is being tested as an alternative in enzymatic inactivation (Geckeler, 2009). Since 60 years ago ultrasound has been observed to be an efficient method in enzyme…

Salicylic acid’s hydroxyl group readily reacts with acetyl groups in a process called acetylation. The resulting substitution reaction replaces the hydrogen in salicylic acid’s hydroxyl group with an acetyl group thereby forming an ester functional group. This esterification of salicylic acid produces acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin. Figures 1 and…

In RBCs, G6PD is the only enzyme which protect against oxidative damage.12, 45 RBCs continuously contact with oxidants as free radicals produced by conversion of oxyhaemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin and peroxides generated by phagocytosing granulocytes;46 here NADPH is the most important factor used to protect against oxidants. RBCs in normal individuals can activate NADPH generation in response to oxidative stress but not in G6PD deficient patients. G6PD deficiency leads to failure in protecting…