Hydroxide

kernel oil possesses all the properties of biodiesel used in the diesel engine. The suitable transesterification reaction conditions for hazelnut kernel oil are volumetric ratio of the reactants in the ratio 1:5, reaction temperature 65 ◦C, potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst in this process. This increased the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and slightly reduced the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) for Lower HOME content blends B5 and B20.The maximum BTE…

The benzoin is oxidized with nitric acid to produce benzyl. When benzoin was reacted with nitric acid, an orange color appeared. When was heated the mixture a strong red color appeared in the reflux condenser, which is the visible liberation of nitrogen oxide gases. A total of 0.10 grams of purified benzil was produced from this reaction which contained a detected melting point of 82°C and a 34 % yield. This seemed to be approximately 10 degrees less than the ideal melting point of 94°C, which…

REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ABSTRACT The difference between aldehydes and ketones is by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. Ketones do not have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break the carbon-carbon bonds. This report is about the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. This was done to determine how they react when different…

For this experiment Late Nite lab was used. In Late Nite Lab the equipment was: a balance, a crucible, a Bunsen Burner, a 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask, a thermometer, a pressure gauge, a syringe, two 50 mL beakers, magnesium (Mg), Copper(II) Carbonate Hydroxide Hydrate (Cu2CO3(OH)2 x H2O,) 6M Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Zinc (Zn),…

Synthesis of 10-Camphorsulfonamide (3) A three-neck flask, with a stir bar was charged with 18.4 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide. While on ice and with the stir bar mixing vigorously, 1.88g of 10-(camphorsulfonyl)chloride in 18.4 mL of methylene chloride was slowly over 20 minutes. This mixture was allowed to stir and react for 1.5 hours at 0° Celsius. The phases were then separated. The aqueous phase was washed with methylene chloride twice with 15 mL of methylene chloride. The organic…

3.4.2.1 Test for milk:- 1. Determination of SNF in milk AIM: - to determine the SNF of milk Apparatus: - lactometer jar, lactometer and thermometer Principle: - It is calculated by using lactometer method. Procedure:-  Warm the milk sample to 40 to 45oCand maintain at this temperature till 5 min.  Mix the contents by rotating and inverting the bottle, taking care to avoid the formation of air bubbles.  Cool the sample to 15.5oC  Invert the sample bottle 2 to 3 times; pour enough milk into…

distilled water was added to the “yeast’ labeled tube. 5 ml of distilled water was added to the “water” tube. 5 ml of sucrose solution was added to each test tube and stirred. 5 drops of bromothymol blue indicator was added to each tube. Drops of sodium hydroxide solution was added dropwise to both test tubes and gently mixed until the solutions turned blue. The observations were recorded. The tubes were set to incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes and checked at 5 minute intervals to…

bonds between amino acids that have a positive charged part and another negative one. Oppositely charged areas have to match with each other when the substrate binds to the active site, and when the solution becomes too basic, a large number of hydroxide ions will bond to the positive charges of either the substrate or active site, preventing a perfect matching charge and making the enzyme less efficient and sometimes totally inactive. Furthermore, as the solution becomes more alkaline and more…

reflux apparatus was set up and securely clamped to a support stand, to be used later in order to conduct the heated reflux for reaction. A boiling flask was obtained and into it went 0.01mol (1.521 g) of methyl salicylate and 15 mL of 6M sodium hydroxide including 3 or 4 boiling chips. The reaction was refluxed and heated from 30 minutes. After the reaction was successfully conducted, the flask was observed evidence of cloudiness (or and oil layer) and the lingering of a wintergreen smell. Once…

Health is a major value of people’s lives and it is important to be healthy in order to have a longer life expectancy. In recent years, the level of global health issues such as obesity and type 2 diabetes have increased significantly and it could be said that “overweight and obesity represent probably the most widespread threat to health and wellbeing in the UK” (Department of Health, 2011) and in most countries. There are various causes of obesity and type 2 diabetes, however, it could be said…