Hydronium

establish atomic theory. To explain this law, I will give an example of its principles: The atoms for oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) can react to form different oxides. One of these is Water, and another is Hydronium. The ratio of hydrogen ‘parts’ to oxygen ‘parts’ in water (H2O) is 2:1 and 3:1 in Hydronium (H3O), respective of each other. So why do these compounds produce well defined proportions instead of combining random proportions, say 6:13 and 7:30? These constant proportions suggest that…

The body is the most important thing to humans than anything else. It is important to take care of the body from any harm. One thing that the body is capable of is maintaining pH levels and buffers. A pH is the power of hydrogen and buffers prevent extreme shifts in pH. The blood has a specific type of buffer that is maintained at pH level of 7.4. If the buffers shifts and levels of pH go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate…

Brønsted–Lowry Left hand side: Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (1879 - 1947) Right hand side: Thomas Martin Lowry (1874 - 1936) THEORY An acid is a proton (H+) donor A base is a proton (H+) acceptor EXPLANATION OF THE THEORY: Acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors. A hydrogen ion is the same thing as a proton since hydrogen consists of a proton and an electron. When hydrogen loses an electron all that is left is a proton. According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and…

Earth is covered in approximately 71% water, 97% off all Earth’s water is found in oceans which provide for life on earth. Oceans are important because they provide over half of all oxygen in the atmosphere, but also absorb large amounts of gasses from the atmosphere. Unfortunately oceans are under the constant threat of not just overfishing or pollution, but mainly acidification which damages delicate ecosystems greatly. Ocean acidification is caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the…

Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether the equatorial or axial…

1. Distinguish between a chemical change and a physical change. Illustrate each using several examples. A physical change does not change the substance of the matter the identity does not change. A chemical change produces a new substance and absorbs or liberated heat. Chemical changes produce an indication of chemical change substances combine chemically producing new substances that cannot separated by physical means. Examples of physical changes: Dissolving salt in water is a physical…

measure of acidity or basicity (Alkalinity) of a solution. It is exactly equal in amount to the negative log of the concentration of hydronium(H3O+) ions. Due to the negative log relationship, increased hydronium ions transform to lower pH. When we add it to water, an acid releases hydrogen ion. Hydrogen ions in water unite with the water molecules to form hydronium ions, thereby lowering the pH and increasing the acidity of water. Water exposed to air is gentle in nature acidic because it…

1.1 Introduction/ what is Acid Rain? Acid rain, or acid precipitation is a term used to describe any form of precipitation with a pH of less than 5.6. In recent years, the effects of acid rain are being experienced on a global scale with widespread environmental effects. Primarily, acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the combustion of fossil fuels. However, even pure rainwater is slightly acidic (pH of 5.6-6.5) due to the reaction between H2O…

Imagine that you have just become the ruler of a small country, a country so small that it only has a total population of four people, yourself inclusive. In this country your main concern is feeding all of your citizens. Everyone requires 3 meals a day and it is your job to provide them with the resources they need in order to get those meals. The resources for one meal costs three dollars a piece, but you are told that for twice as much the provider will cut the cost down by 10 percent for…

The hydronium ion concentration impacts the chemical bonding of many compounds and changes how they interact with surrounding molecules. By manipulating the ph level from basic to acidic, we can see how the absorption values change for triclosan. When all the…