Hydrolysis

In experiment 2, we observed that the reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous alkali and water which contains dissolved silver nitrate. Halogenoalkanes are alkanes which have one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by halogen atoms such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I) which are the elements in group 7 in periodic table. Halogenoalkanes have the general formula, RX, whereby R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is any of the halogen atom. Besides, halogenoalkanes…

stopping substrate binding and hating the reaction (Kopaleishvili, 1995). At lower temperatures, the energy of particles is lower and there are less collisions. Therefore, at 0oC the particles were barely colliding as they had reduced energy and the hydrolysis of starch took longer than 24 minutes, however. At 20oC the enzymes are gaining more energy and they are colliding more until they reach the optimal amount of energy per particle at 40oC and are reacting the fastest. At 80oC the enzymes…

would’ve been inconclusive. In my case, my MRVP tests were both negative, when one was supposed to be positive. Instead of dwelling on this set back, I decided to focus on other differences that weren’t mentioned in the dichotomous key like gelatin hydrolysis, which ultimately allowed me to determine my microbe from another. By ignoring my MRVP test results (mostly because I was pretty sure one of them was wrong) I was able to match my results with the literature results of my unknown:…

components of monosaccharides. Digestion begins in the mouth, where chewing and biting breaks down carbohydrates physically and chemically. The enzyme salivary amylase combines with food. When the food enters the stomach hydrochloric acid present causes hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose. The food passes to the duodenum where pancreatic amylase is secreted and has optimum PH, so most digestion of carbohydrates takes place in the small intestine. There are enzymes present in the brush…

Nitrate test to differentiate between nitrate and nitrite, in which nitrite can be further metabolized. My bacteria had a positive reaction with the A and B reagents by turning red to indicate nitrites presence. Therefore, I go on to perform a Gelatin Hydrolysis test which was negative, but may have had unreliable results due to the bacteria not having enough time to grow. So I went ahead and preformed a Coagulase test to see if fibrinogen is present and forms a clot in which my unknown did not…

Kinetic investigation and the Arrhenius plot The degradation of SAC in acidic, basic and oxidative mediums at different HCl (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M, keeping temperature 90 ºC), NaOH (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 M, keeping temperature 40 ºC) and H2O2 (5%, 10% and 15%, keeping temperature 90 ºC) strengths was studied. Also SAC degradation was studied as a function of temperature in acidic (30, 60, 70, 90ºC and room temperature, keeping HCl strength 0.1M), basic (40, 65, 90ºC and room temperature, keeping…

In order to determine the identity of two unknown bacteria, I performed a series of experiments over several days. To begin this process I created a dichotomous key that I utilized as a guide to perform a series of inoculations, while using both selective, and differential media. The series of inoculations eliminated bacterium based on test results until the correct bacteria were both positively identified. On day one of this process I received two bacteria, one labeled 7A and the other…

Its main ingredient is gelatin, which can be of great help in the case of rheumatism, joint pain, and arthritis, especially in elderly people. This animal product is the base of the tendons, bone, and cartilage, and is obtained by the collagen hydrolysis . Gelatin is also consumed in foods like dairy, meat, jellies, and even gummy candy, under the name E441.…

Farber lipogranulomatosis, or simply Farber’s disease, is a lysosomal storage disorder that involves the hydrolysis and use of lipids. A lysosomal storage disorder is a defect in the function of a lysosome, enzymes that hydrolyze large molecules and then move the fragments on to other parts of the cell for other uses. Farber’s disease is a rare, genetic condition that involves a deficiency in the enzyme, ceramidase. Ceramidase is a lysosomal acid that causes cell growth, cellular differentiation…

Draw resonance structures showing all the positions at which the positive charge is delocalized on the aromatic ring in the phenonium ion. If a methoxy group (-OCH3) or a nitro group (–NO2) were substituted in the 4-position on the aromatic ring, how would the stability of the phenonium ion change? Compare methoxy substituted, nitro substituted and unsubstituted, and order them by increasing stability. Explain your answer thoroughly. 2) Benzopinacol and benzopinacolone have nearly…