Hydrogen vehicle

2. The gas phase catalytic oxidation of benzene reactor model and evaluation of the parametric sensitivity To illustrate the parametric sensitivity analysis, the case of gaseous phase catalytic oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride was considered (Lupușor et al., 1981). The multi-tubular reactor (heat exchanger type) with the fixed bed catalyst inside a small diameter tubes (under 3 -4 cm) is continously cooled by molten salt mixture (nitrates and nitrites mixture; Maria , 2007). The raw…

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…

INTRODUCTION Background The macrocyclic organic molecules Phthalocyanines (1) which are comparable to the naturally occurring porphyrin (2) ring systems shown in (Figure 1). The porphyrin molecule consists up of four pyrrole subunits which are associated in n-conjugation by methine carbons. 1 2 Figure 1: structures of phthalocyanine and porphyrins molcule The compound…

In the organic disordered materials, the charge transport is occurred by variable range hopping (VRH) of charge carriers between strongly localized states [22-25, 30, 58-61]. The VRH model proposed by Vissenberg and Matters model that considers the hopping percolation of thermally activated carriers between localized states is the most model used for describing charge transport in the disordered organic semiconductors and modeling the electrical characteristics OTFTs [27, 58]. Indeed, the…

Batch adsorption experiments Adsorption of the Pb2+ ions by the Fe3O4@GMA-AAm nanocomposite was measured from batch adsorption experiments by mixing 10 mg of adsorbent with an aqueous solution containing a predetermined concentration of Pb2+ ions (50 mL). The mixture was shaken at 200 rpm to reach equilibrium. After a specified time, the solid and liquid were separated by external magnet and the concentrations of Pb2+ ions were measured by AAS. To find the optimized pH in adsorption of Pb2+ ions…

STEPS IN BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS 1) Assign the Oxidation Numbers The Oxidation Number (ON) of an element is its charge. It is the number of electrons an element contains. This would be our basis on whether the element gained or lost electrons in chemical reactions. We can say that an element is in its Oxidation State when the element already has a specific ON. Unlike with our previous examples, not all equations would already reveal the ON of each element. In actuality, equations would…

What is a laccase? Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2, benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase) are monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric glycoproteins that are typically extracellular and categorized as multi copper oxidases (Mate and Alcalde, 2016a).They catalyze the oxidation of compounds that are coupled with the four-electron reduction of "O" _"2" "to" "H" _"2" "O" . They are regarded as eco-friendly enzymes. Laccases have been first discovered in 1883, which makes it one of the oldest enzymes ever observed…

One of the parameters that determines water quality is pH. It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion and is intended to be a measurement of the balance of acids and bases. Temperature affects pH. In pure water, a decrease in pH of 0.45 occurs when temperature is increased by 25°C [11]. There are several methods for measuring pH. The most common is the use of a glass electrode sensible to it, a reference electrode and a measurement device. Another method is the use of…

Zinc is the member of the first row transition series of elements, consisting of Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Hg. All these elements belong to group 12 of periodic table. Zinc has an atomic number 30, an atomic mass of 65 and one main oxidation state (+2). Zinc has five nature isotopes . Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Its properties is very similar to Cd.Zinc is very useful in biological systems. Zinc also is involved in many biochemical processes that…

For instance, • carboxypeptidase is an hydrolytic enzyme important in digestion, contains a zinc ion coordinated to many amino acid residues of the protein. • Another enzyme, catalase, which is an well-organized catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Because it contains iron-porphyrin complexes. In both cases, the coordinated metal ions are probably the sites of catalytic activity. • Other coordination compounds in biological systems include chlorophyll and vitamin b12, a…