Hydrocarbon

Analysis: A1 vs. E1: Solubility with water (H2O) This test consists of two hydrocarbons, a cyclohexane and a cyclohexene, being added to water to test their solubility. Both the cyclohexane and cyclohexene reacted the same way after the water water was applied. Each chemical stayed afloat of the water although the physical/qualitative properties remained unchanged. The insoluble nature of the results in this test can be explained through the “like dissolves like” notion, where only polar…

substances, usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the generation of heat and light in the form of flame. The hydrocarbons become harder to ignite as the molecules get bigger. Combustion of alkanes with bigger molecule will produce more soot as the percentage of carbon of the molecule is higher. The amount of soot produced depends on the percentage of carbon in a hydrocarbon molecule. Hexane and cyclohexene produced very small of light soot due to smaller compound compared to…

The catalytic converter system in vehicle exhaust tried to eliminate nitrogen oxide emissions, carbon monoxide emissions and hydrocarbon emissions which is unburned fuels. In a catalytic converter has two blocks which is reduction catalyst and oxidation catalyst. The reduction catalyst is made up of platinum and rhodium while the oxidation catalyst is made up of platinum and palladium…

In February 2010, before the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, unusual mortality rates of dolphins started to be recorded and researched; a fact BP uses to deny any causation of increased mortality due to the oil spill. They argue that other factors play roles in dolphin death, including exposure to fresh water, cooler climates, red tide, and diseases such as Morbillivirus and Brucella. Because of these other potential causes is it hard to say if the increase in deaths is from the oil spill, but one…

peak area of the internal standard. Accordingly, a total of 88 volatile compounds were identified. The identified volatile compounds were classified into different groups of molecules, such as hydrocarbons (Aliphatic hydrocarbons (12), branched hydrocarbons (7), unsaturated hydrocarbons (5) and cyclic hydrocarbons (10)), ketones (16), aldehydes (17), esters (3), ethers (2), alcohols/phenols (13), acids (1) and miscellaneous compounds (2). Unidentified compounds (those not match with the…

well. The Darcy equation incorporates pressure gradient by a negative sign in the equation. The negative sign indicates that fluid in a high pressure area will flow to an area of low pressure. Pressures are related to extracting hydrocarbon from a reservoir. As hydrocarbons are being extracted, the pressure gradient decreases. The pressure gradient will eventually decrease to a point where there won’t be any more pressure to maintain the flow of the fluid. At this point, injection wells would be…

3.4 Case Studies 3.4.1 Biofuel from GM Macro algae Hydrocarbon biofuels are produced by genetically modified seaweed which are obtained by inserting genes from high hydrocarbon producing micro algae into high growth seaweed species. Botryococcus braunii (BB) a green micro algae that produces large amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules is used as a source for genetic material. The genes that produce hydrocarbon in BB are identified, removed, cloned and subsequently inserted into high…

of moving parts and sands. Centrifugation is also used to separate acid sludge in acid treatment process [Hamad, et al., 2002]. Used Lubricant Regeneration Systems Used lubricant is a complex mixture of various materials, such as liquid phase of hydrocarbons and solid phase of impurities. Thus, there is no single process or technology that can achieve all requirements needed for the regeneration of used lubricants. The conventional systems usually combine two or more processes as discussed in…

first trial. = , given that the main hydrocarbon in kerosene is C12H26 (CRCT 2011) Sample calculation 5: Averaging the values for the enthalpy of combustion of kerosene for the three trials, to reduce random error. Since there are no actual scientific resources stating the enthalpy of combustion for these exact chemical substances, there can be a comparison made instead to the theoretical standard enthalpy of combustions of the main hydrocarbons and combustible organic…

Molecules like cyclosporine that are non-ionisable, lipophilic and non-polar are challenging to formulate due to their low solubility and no effect of pH on solubility, and they are also solubilised in non-aqueous solutions composed entirely of organic solvents. The combination of polyoxyethylated castor oil and ethanol that are water miscible surfactants and solvents can be used to solubilise the non-polar active ingredient, cyclosporine. Therefore, the excipients are appropriate for the…