Hydrocarbon

Since the technology became more in demand, our energy consumption has increased rapidly. Most of this energy consumption is given by fossil fuels, for instance, coal, or natural gas. However, some research shows a questionable method of drawing out natural gas: Hydraulic fracturing or fracking, “the injection of fluid at high pressure into an underground rock formation in order to pen fissures and allow trapped gas or crude oil to flow through a pipe to a wellhead at surface” (). The technique…

combustion happens when there is excess oxygen available to the fuel. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Incomplete combustion happens when there is limited oxygen. The incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produces water (H2O), small amounts of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Carbon/Soot (C). The shorter the carbon chain length of the hydrocarbon, the more likely it is to undergo a complete combustion. Ethanol undergoes a…

by Desirability analysis Figure 5.17, shows the optimality graph obtained by MINITAB 17 software for Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake thermal efficiency and Unburnt hydrocarbons of COME blends. The most favoured optimal condition obtained for Brake specific fuel consumption, Brake thermal efficiency and Unburnt hydrocarbons are shown. Optimization is carried out by using Derringer’s Desirability approach of RSM. Equations to calculate desirability are shown below. The corresponding factor…

Our initial investigation of the asymmetric Mannich reaction of indole 2a with phenyl α-amidosulfone 3a is summarized in Table 1. The effect of catalyst structure on the reaction outcome was first investigated at 10 mol% catalyst loading in toluene (Table 1, Entries 1–5). As we expected, based on our knowledge of the catalytic performance of chiral oligoEG 1,[7] the ether chain length (Entries 1–3) as well as suitable acidity of the phenolic protons (Entry 2 vs. Entries 4 and 5) are critical for…

This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the principles of nitration through electrophilic aromatic substitution. It also examined the effects of bromine on an aromatic ring, ortho-para vs. meso directing. The second experiment was performed to compare the reaction rates of electrophilic aromatic bromination with different arenes. Data and Results In the gas chromatogram, there are two large peaks. The first peak at 0.653 minutes with an area of 133,352 uV per second, 31.95% of…

Determination of Most Advantageous Sequestering Agent By: Kayla Jeeter and Ashley Driscoll Chemistry 112-508 Abstract The creation and execution of this project served to determine what material is a better sequestering agent of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are found in Texas’ water. Charcoal is currently the most typical agent used to sequester PAHs. In this experiment, two different Bentonite clays (zeolites) were synthesized, one magnetized and one not, to determine if…

and environmental coastal ecosystem services at local, regional and global scales human society must elevate and integrate this multilevel task into their governance. Impact of The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Bioavailable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons discussed how a lethal explosion at the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig located near the Louisiana coast led to the largest marine oil spill in United States history. This study communicated that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill impacted…

and the Ward's minimum-variance method was used for runs and hydrocarbons clustering. A probability level of p=0.05 was considered as significant difference. The data obtained from the RSM on the hydrocarbon removal were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the results were fitted to the following second-order polynomial equation (Vieira et al., 2009; Gomez and Sartaj, 2014): where Y is the predicted response (hydrocarbons removal), XiXj are the independent variables, β0 is…

reaction with bromine and reaction with potassium permanganate. Combustion was used to test the unsaturation of hydrocarbon. The degree of unsaturation refers to the number of the rings and / or multiple bonds present in the hydrocarbon molecule (McMurry, 2015). Hexane was a saturated hydrocarbon, it completely combusted and emitted carbon dioxide plus water. Cyclohexene was an unsaturated hydrocarbon, it undergoes incomplete combustion (Clark, 2003) which showed the great intensity of light…

it takes longer for them to separate from each other into a gaseous form. Hexane didn’t evaporate most quickly due to the long length of its carbon chains, which holds the molecules together with london dispersion bonds more strongly than for hydrocarbons with shorter carbon chains. Ethanol curved by far the most when a charged rod was moved near it in experiment two. When the cloth was rubbed on the glass rod, it transferred electrons onto the rod, creating static electricity. The substances…