Hydrocarbon

Oil exploration began in the Subcontinent in 1866 with the drilling of the first well, Kundal-1 (Khisor Range, near oil seepage); in the region that now constitutes Pakistan. The first oil discovery was made in 1915 in Potwar, located in the Punjab Province, from Miocene / Eocene rocks; that field is still on production through artificial lift. Since 1915, Potwar remained the traditional ‘oil patch’ of the country till the oil was struck in 1981 at Khaskheli-1, drilled in Badin area of Sindh…

Both diesel engines and gasoline engines are internal combustion engines, which means they are designed to make mechanical energy by converting chemical energy available in fuel. Rotary motion is required to turn the wheels of a car forward. So to make this rotary motion, pistons connected to a crankshaft move in an up and down motion to create the rotary motion. Through a series of small combustions or explosions, diesel engines and gasoline engines convert fuel into energy. Diesel and…

of carbon atoms in one molecule of the alcohol). Like all hydrocarbons, they also burn in oxygen to form carbon-di-oxide and water with the release of significant amount of energy. This process is known as complete combustion. Since, this reaction causes release in energy to the atmosphere and decrease in energy of…

Metronidazole Systematic (IUPAC) name: 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethanol Bioavailability : 80% (oral), 60-80% (rectal), 20-25% (vaginal)122,123 Protein binding : 20% 122,123 Metabolism : Hepatic 122,123 Half-life : 8 hours 122,123 Excretion : Urine (77%), faeces (14%) 122,123 Formula : C6H9N3O3 Mol. mass : 171.15 g/mol Melt. point : 159–163 °C (318–325 °F) Metronidazole is a nitroimidazoleantibiotic medication used particularly for anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.…

Air pollution has been a growing concern in the New England area over the past few decades. Air pollution can come from many different sources including stationary sources like factories and power plants, mobile sources like vehicles, agricultural sources found from gassy animals and their waste products, as well as natural sources like wildfires, dust storms and other natural occurrences. Various cities around New England have identified the sources that are contributing to the air pollution…

Emission of Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM0.1) comprises a considerable fraction of urban air pollution (Laden et al. 2006, Shackleton et al, 2013). Long term exposure of airborne particulates matter is directly associated with post neonatal infant mortality (Laden et al. 2006), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (Tracey et al. 2006) and various disease conditions such as; cardiopulmonary, lung cancer (Pope III, 2002), atherosclerosis (Araujo, 2011) and asthma (Anderson et al., 2013).…

Our current problem, global warming caused by the growing amount of emissions, can no longer be swept under the rug. As we all know, global warming is caused by carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere. But, now there is a possible solution of burying it deep underground or beneath the ocean. The burning of fossil fuels poses a great threat to rising sea levels, stronger storms, and agricultural disruptions. Most importantly the global temperature level rising. Humans are in risk with carbon…

(EPCA) states that with the exception of 38 cities of 7,935 in all of India, the standard fuel used in vehicles is extremely polluting (EPCA). Vehicles produce pollutants including carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons which can react with nitrogen oxides to form ground-level ozone that can cause harmful respiratory problems (Motor Vehicle Pollution). India’s coal usage is another major contributor to the air pollution. Again, India’s large population…

biodiesel increases the lifetime engine..  It could also be utilized as a blending for other energy resources and oil.  It has very high lubricating property  In comparison with regular oil, it has lower emission of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate…

Oil Spillage A devastated man-made environmental disaster is an oil spillage in the ocean . An oil spill is a release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into environment due to human activity like boats above oil pipes or rigs and its a form of pollution. Other form of oil spillage is marine oil spillage ,where oil is release into the ocean or coastlines. Oil spills is a release of crude oil from tankers, pipelines offshore platforms,drilling rigs. Spills may take months or years to clean up…