Humoral immunity

IgM+ B cell was then further enriched from the chicken bursa to further understand the effects of inflammatory stress towards the development of humoral immunity that plays an important role to induce protection via the synthesis of effective antibodies against the virus [44]. As B lymphocytes were observed to be depleted in the bursa upon infection with the virus, the apoptosis assay was carried out…

holds its specificity.A reversible chemical reaction: antigen+ antibody ⇄ antigen- antibody complex Antibody:- An antibody is that can bind specifically to an antigen, present in serum and other body fluids which mediate humoral immunity. The Serum which comprises antibodies (directed…

Causes of Relapsed/Refractory Follicular Lymphoma By Liji Thomas, MD Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent tumor of the lymphatic system which may often remain inactive for years before undergoing transformation into an aggressive tumor. After treatment, a high percentage of patients fail to respond, and these tumors are categorized as refractory lymphomas. Some respond with an initial positive change, but then develop signs of recurrent tumor, called relapsed follicular lymphoma. What…

immunodeficiency in which there is combined absence of T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte function” (Immune Deficiency Foundation IDF, 2016). The lymphatic system comprises of organs and tissue that produce immune cells and one of their main functions is to confer immunity to every part of the body. The function of the T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte in the lymphatic immune system cannot be overstressed as they make up the major responses that the immune system gives when it encounters a foreign…

3. Why a malaria vaccine is required? When microorganism enter the body, the immune system fight these foreign antigens by production of T or B-lymphocytes that produces antibodies, which effectively neutralize foreign invaders. Human body take several days to produces antibodies, while microorganism attack and multiply in the body and produce serious illness before immune system can fit back, this is a reason behind the vaccine manufacturing and development (CDC, 20175; Sarkander et al., 2016;…

There is no clear predetermined linkage between a specific subtype and a unique mode of transmission. Therefore, different subtypes could have been influenced by a combination of different genetic, demographic, economic and social factors that separate the different risk groups for HIV-1. HIV is not an airborne virus and cannot be transmitted through casual contact, kissing, urine or even insect vectors [17]. The transmission is only possible if bodily fluids come in contact with a mucous…

Once again scientists and medical researchers are readily awaiting the use of DNA vaccination in order to prevent infectious diseases. DNA vaccination is a new method in which humoral and cellular immune responses are stimulated and a direct injection of genetic material is given t produce a small amount of cells in order to create the introduced gene products (Scuderi, “What Are DNA Vaccines?”). The DNA platform is has shown to…

The humoral immune system primarily consists of antibodies, the protein molecules designed to interact with an antigen. When the immune system is attacked with an antigen, anything that is foreign to the body such as germs and bacteria, it will begin fighting…

Sex hormones are associated with the immune response, so estrogen can act as an enhancer of humoral immunity. Humoral immunity or antibody-mediated betta cellular immune system is a part of immunity that is mediated by active antibodies. Increased estrogen levels were found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An increase of the female hormone can activate 17-beta estradiol which increases the…

The origin of T and B lymphocytes is through the lymphoid progenitors derived from the pluripotent stem cells within the bone marrow. Differentiation of cells that leave the bone marrow and proceed to the thymus include T lymphocytes (TL), as mature T lymphocytes will leave the thymus. Differentiation of cells that remain within the bone marrow include B lymphocytes (BL), as mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and go to the secondary lymphoid organs. The production of BL begins in the…