Horizontal gene transfer

Links between the human immune system, pathogens, antibiotic resistance and mutations are discussed in this report. It is stated that the antibiotic resistance and overuse of vaccine has contributed to the increased incidence of emerging diseases and resistance to their controls and treatments. The human immune system is the protection of the body against potentially damaging foreign bodies and other disease. Pathogens are organisms, including a bacterium, a virus or a fungus and these causes…

This immunity or resistance can be passed on from bacteria to bacteria through the exchange of their genetic material using some of the methods of horizontal gene transfer. As a result, the resistance acquired by one pathogen can be passed to other pathogens. 2) Describe conjugation in prokaryotes. Conjugation in prokaryotes is the method used to transfer genetic materials from alive donor cells, and is mediated by pili. Pili are proteinaceous tubes outspreading from the surface of a cell.…

antibiotics, it kills off other bacteria and allows antibiotic resistant bacteria to survive and multiply. This causes contamination of animal waste, which then comes into contact with water, soil, or air (Food, Farm, Animals, and Drugs 2014). Horizontal gene transfer is also a big concern for the environment. In recent years, there has been an increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria found. The antibiotics that are given to the animals get in contact with their immediate environment, but…

its genes. Metagenomics is a mechanism in which microbial species are isolated using their DNA. A few conclusions reached from these experiments are microalgae enhances N & P removal, bacteria contributes to a degrading pathway of benzoate, and bacteria and archaea form ecologically and genetically diverse populations. Overall these discoveries are valuable to the science community and our species because it can lead to the adaptation of overall species structure. In Horizontal Gene Transfer…

the host specificity genes. Previously, the genome of Fg was sequenced and revealed a significantly large number of pathogenicity-related proteins in its genome. Ma et al. (2010) sequenced the genome of four Fusarium species to compare their genetics in relation to pathogenicity. When they compared the genomes of F. graminearum, F. verticillioides, F. solani and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, oxysporum was found to have four lineage specific (LS) chromosmes that contained genes with roles in…

frequently to fend off the effects of antibiotics and antibacterial; this can be done by using DNA from neighbouring bacteria thus changing its genetic makeup. The DNA change that occurs is passed from one generation to the next. Bacteria can also turn genes on and off creating different genetic combinations, which cancels…

1. One of the main topics could be the drug resistance mechanisms of bacteria. 2. First, spontaneous mutation which changes the drug target or upregulate drug efflux. Second, Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) that the genes in bacteria acquire to become resistant. HGT can cause multidrug resistance in a genetic event which make the bacteria become resistance. Third, the ability of bacteria that they can form biofilm while they are being infected. The bacteria provide themselves protection to…

paragraphs we will discuss what genome evolution is, how genomes are able to be compared and how the size can contribute in to that, the gene functions and expressions, applying comparative genomes and the evolution within genomes. So what is a genome? A genome is the complete DNA sequence of an organism. The Genome is a compilation of the stored DNA in genes on the…

Modern society has been blessed with brilliant minds that have helped humans increase their life expectancy to the point where we are living well even at what is considered overpopulation. We were able to cure polio, the black plague, and other diseases that would’ve been considered a virtual death sentence a few centuries ago. Because of this, our bodies have almost no need to fight off diseases naturally. Now it isn’t being worried about at the moment because we still have tons of modern…

DNA and genes that we will use to analyze to find the EPAS1-TD gene. In order to analyze the genes from the blood samples, we need to perform the procedure of PCR, polymerase chain reaction, to amplify and clone the DNA. Performing PCR is necessary because it allows us to amplify a particular region of the DNA, the EPAS1 gene, set up by the primers in the annealing process. This is very quick and efficient for cloning the EPAS1 gene. After getting the PCR product containing the EPAS1-TD gene, we…