Homology

Insulin (from the Latin, insula meaning island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the…

Chromatin is a compacted form of chromosomal DNA, the basic unit of which is the nucleosome, consisting of 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a core histone octamer. To regulate the structure of chromatin, histones undergo a large number of post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, ADP ribosylation, beta-N-acetylglucosamine and deamination. These modifications can also recruit other remodeling proteins and complexes to reposition…

Chinese culture or as an original center for its unique culture? Again, the answers to these questions varied due to different political ideologies. Chinese nationalists advocated that Chinese and Taiwan aborigines shared a cultural and ethnical homology based on various ethnical and archaeological studies such as the physical similarities between Taiwanese aborigines and Pai Yueh people, and the discovery of ethnographic fossils which was Chinese origin. Unsurprisingly, this idea was…

Introduction Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is the key enzyme for carbon fixation and four different holoenzyme form of Rubisco are found in different organisms (Tabita et al., 1999; Tabita et al., 2007). Most abundant Rubisco forms 1 consist of eight large subunits and eight small subunits are found in algae, cyanobacteria and higher plants (Shively et al., 1973). The multiple nuclear gene encoding small subunits of Rubisco is called rbcS. rbcS exists only in Rubisco…

The begging of rational drug discovery is known as cloning, which is purification and structure determination of the protein or nucleic acid(ScienceDirect). The determination is established by x-rays or homology modeling(wiseGEEK). During the second step of the design cycle, the structure of the new target is obtained due to the lead from the first step(ScienceDirect). A target is a bio-molecule involved in signaling or metabolic pathways, that are specific…

is important because breaks in DNA need to be made in highly specific locations so that the structural integrity of the cell remains stable enough for it to be automatically repaired afterwards via non-homologous end joining or, more frequently, homology directed repair (Redman, A. King, Watson, D. King, 2016). Cas9 is paired with guide RNA that specifies where the cut should occur, as well as a chunk of DNA that should be used by the cell as a template for when it tries to repair itself. The…

vast and rich database that contains current and archived genome assemblies of many organisms. The browser tool allows zoom in and look in detail of each chromosomes with detail annotation. The gene sortor tool allows to look for gene expression and homology. The BLAT tool allows in sequence alignment directly to desired genome [4]. “The UCSC genome browser provides a visualization interface that renders the genome sequence data as linear sequence at varying levels of granularity and allows the…

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is identified as the leading monogenic cause of autism and congenital mental retardation. It is estimated that the frequency of FXS is 1/7000 males and 1/11,000 women (Hunter et al., 2014). In Australia, since one child is born with Fragile X every week, around 1 in 3600 boys and in 4000 – 6000 girls suffers this syndrome with the higher severity in boys. Position of the causative gene for FXS named fragile X mental retardation gene 1 (FMR1) was found at the diagnostic…

1. There is fossil evidence that fish evolved into amphibians and amphibians into reptiles. Scientists also believe that mammals are related to reptiles Research the fossil history of fish, amphibians and mammals and discuss the evidence that the above statement is true. Provide examples of the links between the organisms (for example: the respiration system, how the young are born and what the body is covered with). There has been scientific evidence has proven that the above statement is true…

The Flash: Our speed judgements We make them everyday, everywhere we go. Some intentionally, others unconsciously. They are judgements. We judge people and items, whether we are aware of it or not. There are two main types: Snap judgements and considered judgements. Both are powerful and effective in their own respective ways when used in the right situations. In Blink, Gladwell claims“snap judgments”-- that is, judgments made with little information or deliberation-- are usually more reliable…