Homologous chromosome

In mitosis, a cell produces two clones of itself, each with the same number of chromosomes. In meiosis, a cell will produce four cells called gametes through the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Gametes are most commonly known as sperm cells in males and egg cell in females. Unlike mitosis, the gametes that meiosis produces are not clones of the original cell as each gamete has exactly had as many chromosomes of the original cell and are all different from one another (siblings).…

The human genome is composed of millions of molecules of DNA perfectly packaged into 23 chromosomes. Each human is the result of a combination of the same four nucleotides, yet every single one is unique. Perhaps, this is due to the slight variation in each human’s DNA, or maybe the explanation lies in a person’s upbringing. The purpose of studying human development is to understand why people change by applying the scientific method to existing theories, which provide the basis for…

reproduces many offspring and the offspring are created in a very fast fourteen-day cycle. The mutations are easy to identify because the traits that are affected are noticeable. (1) It contains only a few chromosomes. The only ones that contain a significant amount of genetic information are chromosomes two, three, and X. The female…

Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. “Some insects, fishes, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is usually accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki). But this change has been incorporated to human’s life…

Spina Biffida Spina Biffida is a genetic disorder. A genetic disorder is an often-inherited medical condition caused by an abnormality in DNA. Per year, there are around 20,000 out of 200,000 babies in the US affected by Spina Biffida. Spina Biffida is a defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord is exposed through a gap in the backbone. It is caused by bones not forming properly. It can often lead to being paralyzed below the waist as well as mental problems. Spina Biffida can be…

The sex chromosome determines whether a zygote will be male or female. Females have XX sex chromosomes and males have XY chromosomes. One chromosome comes each comes from the gametes of the parents. Each egg has an X chromosome and “if the sperm contains a Y chromosome, the match with the female chromosome will be XY, and the child will be genetically male,” (Ginsberg, Nackerud & Larrison, 2004, p. 198). On the other hand if the chromosomes from each parent is XX the child…

3. Results 3.1. Bumblebees We recorded a total of 98 bumblebee individuals (Bombus sp.) comprising 13 species (Appendix A, Table A.1). Sixty-four individuals belonging to 12 species were identified in managed meadows, and 34 individuals belonging to 8 species in abandoned meadows. Three of the total species were cuckoo bumblebees (Bombus [Psithyrus] sp). Five species were classified as long-tongued and 8 species as short-tongued. Total species richness and number of long-tongued species were…

Xenotransplantation is the process of transplanting or grafting organs and tissue between different species. As you’re transplanting a foreign organ not from the same species as you, this has many social and biological implications. Including the fact that there’s could be new viruses and pathogens passed over between species with the potential to cause a mass epidemic and kill of many members of a species. Also this procedure although been around for a long time it hasn’t had a very high…

Gregor Mendel was the first person to make connections between parents and children by using math symbols. He made the set of laws which are now known as the three laws of inheritance. This set of laws consists of the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. To begin, the first law of inheritance is the Law of Dominance. This law states that genes come in pairs and are inherited in different units called alleles. In a situation with one dominant allele and…

melanogaster is important since it is a widely-used model organism in genetics research. It is important to understand which genes and alleles are present in which chromosomes, what the function and phenotype of the corresponding gene is, and if multiple genes are significantly linked and do not separate independently during meiosis. The results of this experiment have verified that the autosomal gene that control long…