Histone

We went to the life centre to carry out PCR. We did this to investigate what our PTC genotype would be. To do this we had to carry out the following steps: DNA extraction, PCR and gel electrophoresis. I found that my genotype matched my phenotype, showing that I was a PTC taster and my genotype was hetero zygote taster. DNA extraction DNA is removed from human cells for a range of reasons. With a pure sample of DNA you can test for a genetic disease, analyze forensic evidence, or study a gene…

body has a nucleus. The nucleus is the largest organelle and is contained within a membrane. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material, which directs the activities, like the brain of the cell. This is built from DNA and proteins called histones coiled together forming a fine network of threads called chromatin. When under the microscope the most prominent part of the cell is the nucleus. The most visible structure within the nucleus is the nucleolus, which is where rRNA is made and…

Background & Introduction Allergy is an IgE mediated inflammation of the mucosa or skin after exposure to allergenic substances in susceptible individuals. It is estimated to have 150 million sufferers in Europe which makes it the most common chronic disease [1]. In addition to various environmental factors, a myriad of different cells, genes and specific markers and cytokines have been proposed to play role in the pathology of allergic diseases. Understanding the underlying etiology and…

Kaempferol is a natural polyphenol, secondary metabolite (flavonol), a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plant-derived foods. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276–278 °C. It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol acts as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress. Many studies suggest that consuming kaempferol may reduce the risk of various cancers, and it is currently under consideration as a possible…

Division of pre-existing cells is the only way through which new cells can come into being. For duplication of cells to happen, the genetic materials inside the cells have to duplicate first. During the S phase of the cell cycle, the chromosomes of the cells as well as the chromatin proteins duplicate. During the M phase, spindle fibers are formed, and the duplicated chromosomes arrange themselves in the equatorial region of the cells forming a metaphase plate. Mitotic spindles are formed by the…

In experiment 1 there were five cuvettes of decreasing concentrations from the initial 0.01 mg/ml concentration of Fast Green solution (cuvette 1). The diluted concentration of cuvettes #2 through #5 were calculated using the dilution formula, C1V1 = C2V2 ; the calculations for the dilute concentrations are in Results section. The concentration for each tube were as follows: 0.015 mg/ml for tube 1, 0.0075 mg/ml for tube 2, 0.00375 mg/ml for tube 3, 0.001875 mg/ml for tube 4, and 0.000935 mg/ml…

boxes (TGGCGCC) (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2008 [51], Morikawa et al., 2011 [52]). The sequence TGGCGCC (Bre7 motif) is located a short distance upstream of one or more SBEs motifs containing GTCTG. In the nucleus, Smads are also able to participate in histone modifications and chromatin remodeling (Ross et al., 2006 [53]). Anyway, some transcription factors like Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 in concert with R-Smads and/or Smad complex plays critical roles in mediating specific signals to regulate the…

The small genome and the short life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster makes the use of this organism proper to understand the role of signaling pathways, mainly the Notch signaling pathway, in the development of sensory organs in organisms. The molecular interactions of some genes with the Notch signaling pathway can help us understand cell differentiation in sensory organs. The gene Hairless shows high levels of interaction with the Notch signaling pathway of Drosophila melanogaster. Hairless…

Mattieu Schapira in lecture five and Dr. Brent Williams in lecture six discussed two different ways to discover lifesaving drugs for hematological malignancies. Dr. Schapira spoke about histone tail modification, specifically lysine acetylation and methylation, to control gene expression9. For example, in many hematological malignancies the MYC, a prominent oncogene, enhancer has been translocated with the IgH super-enhancer causing overexpression…

become a queen then it will up regulate physio- metabolic genes (Foret et.al 2012). Methylation is also able to regulate gene expression by interfering with transcription of genes. For example, it was found that the combination of DNA methylation and histone modifications determine the phenotype of a bee (Foret et.al 2012). Methylation allows alternative splicing of genes (to be further discussed) because the methyl- group is able to select which exons will be used in the final transcription of…