Histone

When histones are tightly intertwined with the DNA strand, the DNA is unable to be read. In addition, chemical changes performed on the surface of histones can then change the association of the protein in the segment of DNA (WIlliams). In the case of identical twins, the process of inactivation and activation could explain variance…

group, and a deoxyribose. -The DNA is stored in the nucleus as chromatin, but during cell division the DNA stored as chromatin condense into chromosomes. -The DNA initially condenses into chromatin when it is wrapped around histone (a protein molecule) and then coiled. -Histone is positively charged (DNA is negatively charged) and is made from four main proteins. -Once DNA is wrapped into chromatin, it is further coiled and condensed to make chromosomes. -In…

Histones are small proteins packed inside the molecular structure of the DNA double helix. Tight histone packing stops RNA polymerase from contacting and transcribing the DNA. This type of over control of protein synthesis is regulated by genes that control the packing density of histones. Activator-enhancer complex is unique in eukaryotes because they normally have to be activated to begin protein…

It can be argued that “… the origin of life is the origin of replication” (Lane, 2010). This statement proves to be correct to a certain extent as if there were to be any mutations within the stages of replication, the life created could have abnormalities which may decrease quality of life experienced. Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary form of anaemia in which a point mutation causes the formation of haemoglobin which distorts the erythrocytes into a sickle-shape (Appendix 1). The sickle…

" Hyperoxia results from the inhalation of mixtures of gas containing higher partial pressures of oxygen (O2) than normal air at sea level." Therefore our first questions are: how the human body can use the oxygen? Witch pathway needs Oxygen? Here we can introduce the entire aerobic pathway. How the oxygen pass from the lung to the blood? How the oxygen is carry in the blood vessel? Then how the oxygen crosses to pass in the organ that needs oxygen? Now we can start to talk about why we need…

changes are performed through transcriptional control. One of the most important mechanisms of epigenetics is DNA methylation, regulated by protein complexes such as methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) proteins or HDACs. Histone modification, regulated by enzymes responsible for histone acetylation/deacetylation (including HDACs) and methylation/demethylation (including LSD1) is another…

Biology 201 B1 Assignment #2 A four question analysis on "The myosin-interacting protein SMYD1 is essential for sarcomere organization" by Just et al. (2011) 1.) Wild-type Fla Mutant (SMYD-deficient) In the current study, the authors used a zebra fish mutant known as Flatline (fla). This mutant contains a nonsense mutation within the SMYD1 gene, consequently, these mutants show disturbed sarcomere assembly. The authors…

An important transcription factor necessary for T cell development and differentiation is Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), also known as acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1) or core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (CBFA2) (10, 11). It is one of three RUNX proteins found in humans, all of which possess a highly conserved 128 amino acid Runt DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus. The Runt domain is important for binding with consensus sequence (PyGPyGGTPy) in DNA and with core binding…

Cells can become cancerous when gene regulation is disrupted. Factors affecting gene regulation include mutations in DNA sequence, nucleosome positioning, chromatin organization and epigenetic changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Numerous genetic mutations of inherited cancers have been identified, as there is a large body of research dedicated to identifying DNA mutations that are linked to tumor initiation. After initiation, tumor progression often occurs due to multiple…

Eukaryotes have much larger genomes than prokaryotes, and therefore, must condense their DNA into chromatin. Chromatin is composed of histone proteins that help to condense and organize the DNA forming chromosomes. The basic unit of this chromatin is a nucleosome, which contains about 150 base pairs of DNA that are wrapped 1.7 times around the core histone proteins. However, this tightly wrapped chromatin becomes a problem when regulatory proteins need access to specific sections of the DNA.…