Epigenome compounds are bunches of chemical compounds that tell the genome what to do. They can turn genes on or off and control the production of proteins. The epigenome controls changes to the genome. It is made of chemical compounds. Some of the compounds are from manmade materials. Parents pass the genome to their children and during the passing of the epigenome, it is reset. The epigenome can change throughout a lifetime. Many factors can change it such as: smoking and diet. Epigenomes…
Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…
(Eichten, Schmitz & Springer 2014). Epigenetic modifications are directed by many different mechanisms in plants that are influenced by various factors throughout its life cycle. The commonly explored epigenetic mechanisms are DNA methylation and histone modification. DNA methylation is a phenomenon where a methyl (CH3) group is added to a nucleotide, often to the fifth carbon atom of a cytosine (C) ring (Eichten, Schmitz & Springer 2014) as shown in figure 2. This may cause a gene to be…
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is inherited disorder that affects the lower motor neuron in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and brain stem resulting in progressive weakness of the skeletal muscles [1]. It is considered as one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases and leading genetic cause of death during childhood [2]. The primary cause of SMA is mutation of the spinal motor neuron 1 (SMA1) while the severity of the disease is determined by the number of identical spinal…
make us unique. But what if I told you that our DNA didn’t do all the work? There is a protein in our bodies that makes our DNA coding complete and it’s called an epigenome. There are two proteins that make up one protein of a epigenome and they are histones. They are wrapped around the DNA and the Methyl group that are attached to it. Of course we are taught that our DNA makes up who we are as far as characteristics; However, epigenetics explain how we become unique with the assistance of our…
I.A Background & Key Question(s) Rapid reproductions in muscles cells are needed because our muscles are constantly exposed to exercise and injury. In our muscles, Myoblast is the embryonic cells that mature and fuse together forming Myocytes. Through the process myogenesis, Myocytes form muscles. However, specifically satellite cells aid in new growth and regenerated muscle. Since these cells respond to one another and create a domino effect they were used in this experiment. Rozwadowska et al…
does not affect to the pI value of this protein, other amino acids component do, though not strongly, causing the pI of this protein to be 9.36. The pI Histone H3’s on the other hand can be determined by its functions. Since histone plays an important role in binding to the DNA, which contains highly negative charge through out the backbone, histone is positively charged in order to interact tightly with the DNA. These positively charge amino acid will become neutral at a very high pH acting as…
DNA wrapped around histones is a DNA-protein complex called chromatin that exists within the nucleus. How would spatial and temporal arrangement of these chromatin affect the gene expression in the eukaryotic genome? With the development of Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) and the techniques that followed, it is now significantly easier to study the relationship between organization and gene expression within the nucleus. It has been used to identify long-range chromatin interactions. The…
Unger et al2 noted three main components in which epigenetics are affected due to in utero alcohol exposure. DNA methylation, histone modifications, and regulation by microRNAs are three factors that may influence epigenetic modifications. Other components such as oxidative stress, prostaglandin synthesis, and neuron and endocrine health can all be affected by alcohol exposure…
bioactive compounds in certain foods can modify gene expression. Nutrients and bioactive food components can in have an impact on epigenetics by restraining enzymes that activate DNA methylation or histone modifications. DNA methylation is the process of adding a methyl (CH3) group to the strand of DNA while histones are the specific protein that are involved in the division of a cell. Some examples of some of these bioactive compounds include choline, vitamin B-12, methionine, and betaine.…