Histone

the linker histone H1 as well as core histones leading to chromatin decondensation; which is independently enhanced by MPO [25, 26]. Also, the core histones H3 and H4 undergo citrullination (protein modification), converting arginine residues to citrulline [27, 28]. This process is catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) that is localized in the nucleus of neutrophils. It was shown that neutrophils isolated from PAD4-knockout mice lost their ability to release NET and histone…

Prokaryotes, specifically bacteria, have feedback regulatory mechanisms like eukaryotes do to make tryptophan. Tryptophan is one of the 20 amino acids which we all need. If there is a lot of tryptophan made, then you turn off the enzymes that are involved in tryptophan synthesis by binding and causing a change in shape of the enzyme (negative feedback). In addition, repressors are proteins that bind to the operator and prevents expression of the gene. However, the repressor is unable to bind to…

Although it was supposed to be an overview, the main conclusion of the popular press article was more broadly connected to liver injury possibly because histone H3S10 phosphorylation was associated with transcription of TNFα expression. Moreover, suppression of TNFα expression in chronic ethanol binge group may be clinically relevant since the endotoxin tolerance may contribute to increased susceptibility…

it may cause the chromatin to be more tight and packed so it will promote gene silencing since it will not allow the chromatin to be expressed; however acetylated histones will promote transcription and thus reversing the effect of the methylated cytosine, making this choice incorrect. C. Methylated cytosines and deacetylated histones associated with relaxed chromatin and gene expression This choice is incorrect. Once again, the methylated cytosine is shown to cause the chromatin to condense,…

infrequently transcribed (Abcam). Histones play an important role in packaging DNA molecules in eukaryotes into structural units, as well as comprising the main components of chromatin and assisting in gene regulation. Of these, the effects seen from acetylation and deacetylation are most commonly linked to diseases such as cancer and early onset dementia. The addition of an acetyl group, a negatively charged component, nullifies a positive charge between the histone and nucleosome, and…

to occur, the chromatin fiber must be extremely flexible and able to adapt to different configurations based on environmental and cellular cues. The fiber flexibility is mediated by histone modifications[3]. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a protein that is involved in both long-range looping interactions and histone modifications. The initial discovery of CTCF…

stored. In Chromatin Modification DNA is surrounded by proteins called “Histones”. Histones was another word I didn’t know until I read this article. Histones have a positive charge. Therefor when DNA is near a Histones the two will most likely attracted. The stronger the histone is the tighter the DNA will be bounded. In the Article it also says histones can tune this association by tweaking pieces of the histones called histones tails. The Last word I didn’t understand was “Ligases”. Ligases…

mother (2008). Another huge procedure of epigenetics is called Chromatin modification. Chromatin is a substance inside of a chromosome comprising of DNA and protein. The DNA conveys the cell's hereditary guidelines. The major proteins in chromatin are histones, which bundle the DNA in a conservative frame that fits in the cell core. Changes in chromatin structure are connected with DNA replication and quality expression (Simmons, 2008). Acetyl groups, proteins and some RNA are a great influence…

Sotos syndrome is a disease that causes a child to grow unusually rapidly, especially in the cephalic region, resulting in abnormal growth of the brain and a corresponding array of developmental disabilities (Türkmen et al., 2015; Faravelli, 2005; McKusick, 2015). This disorder is an autosomal dominant disorder (McKusick, 2015) and has been found to be a result of mutations in the NSD1 gene (Türkmen et al., 2015; Faravelli, 2005; McKusick, 2015), on the chromosome 5q35 (Faravelli, 2005; McKusick…

expression of that particular gene. Histone remodeling is the reaction that occurs when histones change shape. DNA is coiled around the histones, so when the histone’s shape changes, the DNA’s shape changes too. Histone acetylation occurs when an acetyl group is added to the tail of the histone, as a result the DNA is coiled more loosely around the histone, consequently increasing gene expression. Histone deacetylation causes the opposite to occur. When the histone tails are deacetylated,…