Hepatocellular carcinoma

by a form of viral hepatitis, drug or toxin induced liver injury (Limdi et al, 2003). The alterations in Mariana’s biochemistry results all seem to have been caused by a probable liver dysfunction. Fig 1: Graph showing the probability of a hepatocellular disease based on AST/ALT ratio (Kaplan, 2007).Mariana’s AT/ALT ratio is low, below 1 hinting she has viral…

Division of pre-existing cells is the only way through which new cells can come into being. For duplication of cells to happen, the genetic materials inside the cells have to duplicate first. During the S phase of the cell cycle, the chromosomes of the cells as well as the chromatin proteins duplicate. During the M phase, spindle fibers are formed, and the duplicated chromosomes arrange themselves in the equatorial region of the cells forming a metaphase plate. Mitotic spindles are formed by the…

My thirst for knowledge and relieving pain led me to medical school in India. My decision to pursue a career in anesthesiology was forged during rotations when I found anesthesiology the most stimulating and most satisfying. It not only nurtured my innate passion for taking care of a patient as a patient advocate, but allowed me to practice critical thinking and independent learning skills. Performing procedures that have instantaneous effects on patient comfort and stability provides me with…

Clinical presentation Acute HCV The incidence of acute HCV infection is about 1/100,000 per year, but this figure is probably an underestimate because it mainly refers to symptomatic patients. Progression to persistent or chronic infection occurs in about three quarters of cases, is influenced by the IL28B genotype, and is associated with chronic hepatitis of a variable degree and with variable rates of fibrosis progression. Only exceptionally does infection clear spontaneously in the chronic…

Ever since the discovery of recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer in 20053, several prostate cancer specific molecular aberrations have been identified and are potentially targetable with specific inhibitors (Figure 1). Despite the high prevalence, the clinical utility and association of these markers with disease progression has not been firmly established. It may be due to the fact that the estimates on the prevalence of these molecular markers and clinical correlation analyses were based…

once in their lifetime to inquire as to whether they are in the 80% of people who have no idea they have acquired HCV. With the screening performed in a timely manner, the disease process of HCV will be minimal and treatment will prevent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Target…

Discussion: Cirrhosis is an immuno-compromised state which predisposes the patient to a variety of infections.8 Despite the advancement in medical care for patients with advanced liver disease in the past decades, bacterial infections remain very common and account for significant morbidity and mortality in those patients.9 Clostridium difficile is an increasingly prevalent hospital-acquired infection that affects patients with cirrhosis. A study of over 80,000 patients with cirrhosis found…

2008). Also, VEGF is a useful prognostic marker in patients with HCC, the increase of VEGF level indicates poor prognosis. Moreover VEGF is the most potent stimulator of angiogenesis known, which plays an important role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and there being a significant association between high serum VEGF levels and venous…

Cancer represents a heterogeneous group of diseases. It is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and a collapse of all multicellular co-operations (Zhang, et al., 2016; Zhang and Sun, 2015; Zhong, et al., 2016). Cancer promotes tumor development and metastasis (Ahmed, et al., 2013; Zhu, et al., 2016). Tumors are characterized by six essential alterations in cell physiology. These are self-sufficiency in growth signals, continued angiogenesis, insensitivity to growth inhibition signals,…

treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and…