"Anemia is a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin" (McCance & Huether, 2014, p.982). There are many causes of anemia and are classified in this manner. There are three classifications: macrocytic-normochromic anemia, microcytic-hypochromic anemia, and normocytic-normochromic anemia (McCance & Huether, 2014). Macrocytic-normochromic anemias encompass pernicious anemia and folate deficiency anemia (McCance &…
proteins normally protect red blood cells from destruction by the complement. People with PNH are missing two important complement-regulating proteins. Due to this missing protein, the red blood cells are prematurely destroyed, which leads to hemolytic anemia. Hemolysis by the complement system leads to episodes of hemoglobin in the urine, which would then be considered hemoglobinuria. Hemoglobin is an iron-containing…
BILIRUBIN Bilirubin is an orange -yellow substance which is made during the breaking down of RBC’s. It is excreted out of the body through liver. The test results for Bilirubin are stated as conjugated (direct), unconjugated (indirect) . Higher level of bilirubin indicates different types of liver problems. Normal level of total bilirubin is 1.2 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) for adults, and usually 1 mg/dL for those under 18 and for direct bilirubin are generally 0.3 mg/dL. A bilirubin test…
hydrogen peroxides and lipid peroxides.10 Various literatures also highlight that G6PD is the main enzyme in cell death and intracellular redox potential. Some in vivo studies proved the importance of the G6PD in hemolytic anemia.53 So, G6PD is very important to resist hemolytic anemia and various complications related to…
According to “Essentials of Pathophysiology” by Carol Porth, “sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S [HbS]) leads to chronic hemolytic anemia, pain, and organ failure”. The recessive gene is inherited and appears as the sickle cell trait if heterozygous or sickle cell disease if homozygous with two HbS genes. The amount of hemoglobin that is affected by the gene depends on if they are heterozygous or homozygous, and therefore affects the gravity…
3. Measurement of glycated albumin As mentioned before, the measured albumin is considered a reliable tool to supplement other methods of measuring blood glucose, such as HbA1c and standard assays for glycemic control and diagnosis diabetes [30]. The HbA1c lifespan is estimated to be about 90 to 120 days. Thus, it is known as an indicator for the assessment of long-term glycemic control [17, 31]. However, the level of HbA1c is not suitable for the assessment of the patient’s status in some…
Anemia Anemia is most common blood disorder, and according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, it affects more than 3 million Americans. Anemia occurs when you do not have enough red blood cells or when your red blood cells do not function properly. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen. Hemoglobin is the main part of the red blood cells that binds oxygen. The most common symptoms…
According to Survival of the Sickest, the disease was first discovered during the Korean war where African American suffered from hemolytic anemia which can cause liver cancer, heart cancer, and even death. This happened because they were served primaquine, an anti-malaria drug that stressed out red blood cells to create an environment where harmful malaria bacteria would not be able to…
Essentially, E. coli O157:H7 can lead to anemia, kidney failure, and eventually death. In some people, specifically infants under the age of five and the elderly, the infection can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome, which is characterized by hemolytic anemia (erythrocytes and the hemoglobin are eradicated) and the kidneys fail. In the United States, hemolytic uremic syndrome is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children. Thus, many cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome are caused by E.…
Based on Mrs. Jones shivering indicated that she has fever and chills. Mrs. Jones can also suffer from the acute hemolytic reaction if she has symptoms such as low back pain, flushing, tachypnea, hypotension, vascular collapse, and bleeding. To manage these reactions, the transfusion needs to be stopped and draw blood samples for testing to avoid hemolysis reaction (Potter, 2014). “A hemolytic transfusion reaction is a serious complication that can occur after a blood transfusion. The reaction…