Heart transplantation

About the size of a large fist, heart is made up of cardiac muscle, myocardium, with skeletal muscle-like striations. It has two upper atria & two lower ventricles separated vertically by septum, and four main valves with which the blood makes its directional flow into and out of the heart. Deoxygentated blood with which the blood flows into and out of the organ. Deoxygenated blood enters through the venae cava fills the right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) through the tricuspid valve.…

with in accordance with individual cases. Clinical stability and results of electrocardiograph should be monitored appropriately in such patients. It is advised that aspirin, beta-blocker, oxygen and nitro-glycerine should be given to the patients. Heart diseases should be diagnosed properly using echocardiogram and…

Preoperative evaluation Cardiac surgery, including coronary artery bypass grafting and surgery for valvular disease, represents one of the most common classes of surgical procedures performed worldwide. Advances in the percutaneous management of coronary artery disease as well as in cardiac surgical techniques have led to improved outcomes with consequent longer life expectancy for patients. Greater numbers of patients with depressed left ventricular function, multiple comorbidities, failed…

this week is “Living with a heart transplant.” The study was designed to understand and gain deeper insight into the lived experience of Iranian heart transplant recipients. The main research question in this study is “what is the meaning of living with a transplanted heart”? Having a heart problem can be devastating for anyone. However, there is treatment available ((Peyrovi, Raiesdana, & Mehrdad, 2014). It is reported that the total number of patients receiving heart transplant likely…

Congestive Heart Failure or CHF is a disease that makes it hard for the body to pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body's organs. The heart muscle becomes damaged from other conditions such as myocardial ischemia, hypertension and arrhythmia. When this happens the heart is very weak, but it works too hard to efficiently pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body resulting in life-threatening congestion. Congestive heart failure can affect all ages, from children to the elderly. Almost five…

Since the mid-1800’s, research contributing to the vast amount of information we know today about stem cells has broadened our horizons in the field of medicine, as well as led to several discoveries involving humanity’s origin. Although they comprise only a small portion of known stem cells, muscle stem cells are indeed equally as important to science because of their aid in helping us to gather new facts about the human body. Therefore, to completely understand how these cells affect our…

begin with discussion Arrhythmia (abnormal heart beat). There are different types of Arrhythmia, and they include Premature atrial contractions, theses are extra heartbeats that happen in the atria (upper chamber of the heart). These contractions usually do not cause harm and don’t require treatment. Another one is Atrial fibrillation, it’s a heart rhythm that causes the atria to contract abnormally. Multiple things such as coronary artery disease, heart attack injury, and electrolyte imbalances…

specific metabolites like AMP, H+, and K+. Consequently, an increase in blood flow accords with a higher cardiac output that is determined by heart rate and stroke volume. At high work rate, cardiac output (amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute) composed by the product of stroke volume (amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat) and heart rate can reach up to 90% of theoretical maximum value as well as having moderate to high increases in blood pressure. (Burton et al.,…

cause extreme internal bleeding in the abdomen. Nandrolone can also decrease HDL, which is good cholesterol, and increase LDL which is the bad. Since the ratio for LDL will be higher than HDL, this will increase the risk of arteriosclerosis and other heart diseases. Wild mood swings may also occur which is commonly known as “steroid rage”. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and it is used to increase growth in children and adolescents. This hormone is widely found in a number of…

occur and the blood that leaves the lungs is now oxygenated and can be transported to the systemic circulation after traveling back through the heart and leaving the left ventricle. Within the systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is not only transported systemically, but wastes are removed from tissues and then returned to the right side of the heart for the pulmonary circulation to start its cycle again. In the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems, there are different types of blood…