Head and neck anatomy

Title Anatomical variation of the superior thyroid artery and its relation to the external laryngeal nerve. Introduction The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland located in the anterior triangle of the neck. It consists of two lobes, right and left, connected by an isthmus in the middle. The thyroid gland is mainly supplied by the superior thyroid artery, the first branch of the external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the…

Introduction: The case was brought to me to by the district police. They are looking for answers to solve the recent missing/homicide case. The backlogs are backed up of missing person cases in the district police. A middle-aged couple was out doing an early morning jog when they discovered a human skull buried in the dirt. They claimed to have been out jogging in the local Chesterville park. They stated that they stopped to get a drink when they stumbled upon what appeared to be a human skull…

The figures 11-15 represent the different aspects of the left Permanent Mandibular Second Molar. Mandibular molars are the largest teeth on the mandibular arch. There is a number of three on each side of the mandible; first, second and third mandibular molars. They resemble each other in functional form, although when in comparison with each one, it’s clear the variations in the number of cusps, size, the occlusal design and the lengths and position of the roots. All mandibular molars have…

Alveolar Ridge Resorption: Alveolar bone resorption is a normal physiologic response following teeth extraction. The causes of alveolar bone volume loss can occur before dental extraction due to periodontal disease, periapical pathology and trauma to the teeth and bone. (SchroppL et al.2003) (1, 2). Additionally, the traumatic removal of teeth can cause bone loss and must be prevented (1,3). Finally, the alveolar bone suffers atrophy after tooth extraction, which has been well documented (1, 4,…

Reducing Patient-related barriers to pain management Intro Pain is one of the most common symptoms of cancer, and one of the most challenging subjects for health professionals including Radiation Therapists to address when treating patients. It is important to recognise that pain is ‘an intensely personal experience with biological, psychological and social components’, which is entirely subjective to the person who experiences it. Despite the development of “novel analgesics and updated pain…

Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A Introduction Botulinum toxin was first identified as a cause of food poisoning over 100 years ago (Carruthers and Carruthers, 2009). Since then, there has been an identification of seven different serotypes labeled A-G; all produced by different strains of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Hurkadle et al., 2012). Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is the main and most well-studied serotype that is used in cosmetic (Hurkadle et al., 2012). The BTX-A can be…

The first trait of the femur that was measured was the vertical diameter of the femoral head. The first test resulted in the measurement of the diameter being 48.5 millimeters. Another conduction of this test took place, however, and revealed the final vertical diameter of the femoral head to be 41 millimeters. Since the diameter result is less than 43.5 millimeters, the results conclude the femur being from a female. The next measurement…

1. Nasal bone a. These bones serve as attachments sites for the cartilaginous tissues that shape the nose (AnatomyExpert, 2014). 2. Nasal Cartilage a. The nasal cartilage articulates with the ethmoid bone to anteriorly separate the nasal passage into two halves (Starkey, Brown, & Ryan, 2011). 3. Zygoma a. The zygoma is a sturture that fused to the maxilla and the temporal bones to form the prominent zygomatic arch beneath the eyes (Starkey, et al., 2011). 4. Maxilla a. The main functions for the…

Patient Y is a 58year old male that was referred to our department with a large (3x3cm) node of the R neck, level II, which he had had for 3 years. His fine needle aspiration (FNA) results showed potential small cell neuro-endocrine tumour, but had insufficient tissue for a confirmed diagnosis. His oncologist sent him for further staging tests, which included a MRI which only confirmed the nodal involvement and advised a core needle biopsy of the mass. This revealed a squamous cell carcinoma…

The neck is a complex part of the human anatomy. In addition to supporting the head, it serves as a conduit of blood flow and nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. In spite of this essential function, it's highly vulnerable to injury, particularly the carotid and vertebral arteries. The carotid artery is close to the surface of the neck and can be injured by blunt trauma. Both the carotid and vertebral arteries can be injured by rapid or violent motions of the neck or when…