Guanine

What makes a human human? Humanity as a whole is very unique when compared with the species of the rest of the world. We have greatly advanced languages and communication techniques and advanced social structures. We have created money and used it as a means to trade with others across the globe. We have built massive structures that seem to graze the sky. We have created gods and weaponry to destroy each other in the blink of an eye. With the massive impact humanity has made on the world…

Introduction Nucleotide is a building block for deoxyribose nucleic acids which is called DNA that has four base units,adenin(A) ,thymine(T) ,guanine(G), cytosine(C). The nucleotides can bond with their base pairs(A=T,G=C) to form a linear strand that is supported by sugar-phosphate backbone. In the linear strand, some of three base sequence is a codon and each codon is related to an amino acid. These codons come together in a linear sequence and create a gene. Gene can be called as cipher that…

this scenario. The tissue of the patients that had a deviated number of DNA methylation within the genes were the ones found to be faulty. Tumor-suppressor genes are turned off when a CpG site has been over methylated. These CpG sites occur where a guanine nucleotide is bonded to a cytosine nucleotide by means of a phosphate. Using what we have learned from epigenetics thus far we can formulate a plan to prevent the hyper methylation of the CpG sites. Drugs are often administered to accomplish…

Participative leadership is a type of leadership where decisions are shared and others are allowed to have a say. The leader allows employees and other stakeholders to share in how tasks are completed and how changes are implemented. Participative leadership involves “consultation” and power is decentralized (Yukl, 2013 p.106). This is a democratic way of decision making and increasing employee participation (Yukl, 2013). Abraham Lincoln used this type of leadership because he persuaded others…

The detrimental health affects caused by smoking tobacco have long been known in our society. Tobacco smoke is composed of a complex, chemical mixture of roughly 60 known carcinogens (Alexandrov, et al., 2016). Smoking tobacco and exposure to other carcinogens increases human risk for cancer significantly by enhancing DNA mutation rates. Different carcinogens cause slightly different types of DNA damage in humans that eventually lead to cancer (Ehrenberg, 2016). These unique patterns of…

Gene Mutations Gene mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations are affected by the change in the DNA sequence. There can be many different types of mutations. (Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Para I) Some examples are point mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frame shift mutation, silent mutation, deletion, insertion, and duplication. (US National Library of Medicine) These mutations can either occur naturally or actually…

Neurodegenerative disease is an all-encompassing term for an array of conditions which principally affect the neurons of the human brain. These make up the nervous system, which also incorporates the spinal cord and, under normal circumstances, do not replace themselves or reproduce. Therefore, when they are damaged or die off, they are unable to be replaced. Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and/or the death of nerve cells. This…

cells. It is a complex disease that affects specific areas in the brain, one particular is the the motor area. The degeneration of brain cells is caused from a genetic mutation in DNA during DNA synthesis. The defect causes cytosine, adenine, and guanine (CAG) to repeat over and over again in DNA sequencing. With each generation that develops HD the mutation may expand further causing more CAG sequencing in future generations. Currently there isn’t any way of determining if the mutation will…

Most people could probably guess that heart disease and cancer are the leading causes of death, but many may not know that strokes are the fourth leading. Strokes are also one of the leading causes in long-term adult disability. A stroke occurs when there is a clot in a blood vessel or an artery located in the brain, interrupting or severely reducing blood flow to the brain, preventing it from getting the oxygen it needs. There are two different types of strokes, and there are multiple types…

The 2009 Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Drs Elizabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak and Carol Greider for their discovery of telomeres and telomerases; but what are they and why did the Nobel prize committee find their discovery so important? Drs ezilabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak and Carol Greiders discovery of telomeres and telomerases can be considered as one of the key milestones in our understanding of DNA replication in eukaryotes as they helped us figure out how the…