Group dynamics

Thermal dispersion mass flow meters, often called thermal mass flow meters, rely on the transmission of heat from a body to a gas flow. Inside the flow meter sensor head, a heated resistance thermometer (RTD) is electronically compared with an unheated RTD sensor. As a gas passes the heated RTD, heat is transferred from this sensor to the gas, and hence the RTD is cooled, thereby reducing the temperature difference between the two sensors. Heat transfer from the RTD to the process gas is based…

2.3 Computational fluid dynamics Computational fluid dynamics or commonly abbreviated as CFD is the branch of fluid dynamics which is applied to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by the numerical solution of the governing equations to analyze complex flows system such as complex turbulent flow (Versteeg and Malalasekera, 1995). Therefore, CFD has often been provided as the tool for testing of conditions which are not possible or difficult…

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is aerofoil? Aerofoil is a large stucture which is attached to the airplane. It has curved surfaces designed to give required ratio of lift and drag. It helps to create different aeodynamic forces. The force perpendicular to the motion of aeofoil is lift force. The force parallel to the motion of aerofoil is drag force. 1.2 How it works? Aerofoil consists of following components: • Suction surface • Pressure surface • Leading edge • Tailing edge •…

5. 3. 4 Typical application and thermometric error Consider a typical application such as the measurement of surface temperature by a surface mounted thermocouple as shown in Figure 5.9 (a). Figure 5. 9 : (a) Surface mounted thermocouple in Example 5. 1 (b) Thermal resistance network model Heat loss from the thermocouple is modeled as shown above by discussion leading to Equation 5.3. Thermocouple attached to the surface of a massive solid whose temperature we would like to measure.…

Vertical dimension (VD) defined in the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms as "The distance between two selected anatomic or marked points”. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) defined as "The distance between two selected anatomic points when in maximal inter-cuspal position”.(1) The OVD is determined by the repetitive contracted length of the elevator muscles which sets the jaw-to-jaw relationship.(2) During growth and development OVD affected by three factors: Growth of the ramus, gonial angle of…

Table 2.1: Parameters of tested water turbines (by Shionoet.al, 2002) Solidity (σ) Chord length (C) (mm) Blade inclination angle(ɸ)(°) Height (h) (mm) 0.20 62.8 43.7 300 0.30 94.2 43.7 300 0.40 125.7 43.7 300 0.50 157.1 43.7 300 0.40 125.7 50.0 374 0.40 125.7 60.0 544 Next, the effect of solidity σ on the water turbine characteristics was measured. Figure 2.1 shows a comparative analysis of torque characteristics for different solidity ratios at velocity 1.0 m/s, performed by Shionoet.…

While designing any aerodynamic body an unspoken assumption of bilateral or mirror symmetry is taken into consideration. Argument against this bilateral symmetry states that “once the velocity of sound is exceeded, the laws of aerodynamics change in such a way as to make it seem inadvisable to arrange the components of an airplane side by side or abreast in a supersonic stream unless there are compelling reasons for such an arrangement.“ 2.1.1 Wave Drag This type of drag is formed as a result…

ABSTRACT Flakiness & Elongation index is one of the most prominent criteria that govern behavior and performance of aggregate in the bituminous mixes. The strength and serviceability requirements of bituminous mixture such as Stability, Flow, Voids in Total mix (VTM), Voids Filled with Bitumen and (VFB) highly depend on the physical properties of aggregates. This study conducted by observing the effect of flakiness & elongated index by adding different percentages from 0% to 50% of flaky &…

Problem: how does the angle of trajectory effect the horizontal distance of a bottle rocket Background research: When an object is in the air and has no forces acting on it other than gravity it becomes a projectile. (Henderson, 1996) Gravity causes the projectile to accelerate toward the ground in a uniform arc like a rainbow does. this shape is known by scientists and mathematicians as a parabola, and objects that fly in the shape of a parabola are said to be in parabolic motion. A projectiles…

The valves were set up so that the water would flow from Tank 2, through the ½” nominal diameter, type L copper pipe, through the needle valve WV5 (Appendix A), and back to Tank 2. WV5 was initially closed. The Honeywell STD 924 DP meter’s pressure tap lines were placed at PT 1, just before the P-1 Sterlings Fluid System Peerless Pump PE50B1, and PT 10, just after WV5. A Fluke 179 multimeter was attached to the DP electrical box. The multimeter was set to read electrical signal in the form of…