Granuloma

Case summary: A 69 years old male with known CKD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was admitted to hospital following a GP visit. Increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and raised creatinine levels were observed in his blood tests. Patient was referred from GP due to worsening of creatinine on a background of 2 months of increasing pedal oedema. Ultrasound scan showed no renal obstruction and a renal biopsy confirmed pANCA vasculitis. Urinalysis also confirmed presence of glucose,…

Activity 1: A) http://www.entusa.com/ear_pictures.htm Outer ear section has place for “Click here for Photos” Eardrum and Middle Ear has place for “Click here for Photos” Mastoid section has pictures of mastoiditis (click on “mastoid disease”) This website shows common problems in the outer ear (auricle), ear canal (external auditory canal), the eardrum, and the middle ear (air space behind the eardrum which allows the eardrum to vibrate). It also shows the mastoid disease. The website…

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a major global health problem and it ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as a leading cause of death worldwide. According to the estimates of WHO global tuberculosis report of 2015, there were 9.6 million people who developed TB and 1.5 million who died from the disease in 2014. 1.2 TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS OF TB TB infection occurs when…

The main role of PMN is phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debri. PMNs are also a major source of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and second population that invades the wound consist of macrophages. The function of macrophages is phagocytosis , activation and recruitment of other cells by releasing various cytokines, growth factors such as Vascular endothelial growth Factor, Insulin like Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor. Macrophages regulate matrix synthesis…

Some people are the type of people who take precautions about everything. They are the type of people that if they start sneezing or coughing, they will run to the store and buy medicine to start taking right away. They are always looking around them to see who is sick and taking precautions to make sure they do not get sick as well. Certain people are all about their health. If something does not seem right or they start seeing a huge difference in their normal health routine, most people will…