Gram-positive bacteria

the gram reaction of the unknown, a Gram stain was done. This process differentiates between a Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganism. This is done in four steps. The microorganism was stained with iodine, crystal violet, alcohol and acetone, and safranin. Iodine was used first as it acts as a mordant. It forms an insoluble complex by binding with the primary stain. It is then stained with crystal violet. Alcohol and acetone acts as a decolorizer. A distinct feature between both Gram…

2.5. ANTIOXIDANT STATUS 2.5.1. TLC - Semi Quantitative DPPH Assay 0.2 % DPPH solution in methanol was prepared and kept in the fridge for further use. The grid space was marked with 1.0 cm2 space on an aluminum based TLC sheet (Merck silica gel 60F254) and a stock solution of all the extracts together with the standard were prepared in methanol. A series of dilutions of the stock together with the standard were prepared ranging from 400 µL to 0.01µL for the last dilution. The grid on the TLC…

In this article, foeniculum vulgare is assayed in vitro for antibacterial activity. They used 27 phytopathogenic bacterial species and 2 myropathogenic bacterial species. A significant antibacterial activity is determined by agar diffusion method and reported that foeniculum vulgare essential oil is useful for natural bacterial to control of bacterial disease of plant and seed mainly in organic agriculture. In day today life people used to smoking, poor diet maintenance…

infectious disease that normally affects herbivores (livestock) and unfortunately may also spread to humans through inhalation, ingestion or any sort of skin contact of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis. Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) is a gram positive spore forming bacterium that invades the human body and leads to various symptoms of Anthrax, depending on how virulent it has become. These symptoms include; swollen neck glands, bloody diarrhoea, vomiting blood, extreme tiredness and…

the 96-well micro-titer plates, the growth control wells contained MH broth medium with tested bacterial concentrations and sterility control wells contained only MH broth medium as shown in figure 2. The plates were then covered to ensure that the bacteria were not dehydrated. Then the plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 to 20 hours. The lowest concentration of each antibacterial agent that inhibited the bacterial growth was considered as the MIC (CLSI, 2006). After the MIC determination,…

prokaryotic bacteria E. coli. In topic one IB requires that we learn about Eubacteria, traditional bacteria that are typically pathogenic, E. coli fall into this category. We also had to learn about Florey and Chain experiments, which is where I learned about zones of inhibition. The problem interests me because is important that one knows which cleaning product to use in one household to get rid of the most bacteria. The idea is that if one test the most affective cleaning product on bacteria…

Type IV pili are a family of appendage protein filaments that are assembled on the surfaces of many different microorganisms, such as bacteria and archea. The wide range of diverse microorganisms within the type IV pili family indicates that there must be both a common evolutionary origin, as well as a versatile functionality (Giltner, Nguyen and Burrows 2012). The formation of type IV pili occurs when the enzyme PilD, first recognized in the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, catalyzes…

Antibiotic creams, also known as topical ointments are preparations designed to fight bacteria on the skin. The main difference between antibiotic creams and ointments is the oil to water ratio. For instance, ointments contain an average of 80% oil and 20% water while creams contain a relatively lower oil to water ratio. This is why ointments tend to feel greasier and stickier than creams. We have chosen three antibiotic creams and three antibiotic ointments in order to find out which…

bacterium was also plated on a MAC plate, which is both selective for gram-negative bacteria and differential as well. On the NA plate, bright red colonies were present; on the MAC plate there was bacterial growth as well, but no color change was observed. This lack of color change on the MAC plate indicated that the bacteria did not ferment lactose. A Gram stain was then performed to confirm that bacteria #12 was indeed gram-negative and also showed that it was rod shaped. Following the…

In microorganisms metal resistance character is regulated by genes which are organized in operons. Commonly, the heavy metal resistance genes are found on plasmid carried by metal resistant bacteria. In the presence of specific metals in the vicinity of bacterial niche the heavy metal resistance genes are expressed and induced. The regulation of expression of metal resistant gene is specific for each heavy metal and is dependent upon metal species concentration. The promoter and regulator genes…