Glycolysis

animals. Yeast was the independent variable during this lab. I noticed that the tubes without yeast were the negative control. The reason that the tube without yeast was the negative control was because yeast is removed from the experiment. Glycolysis is the chemical which is found to break down glucose to lactic acid. This was a great example of anaerobic which is when there is no oxygen present or required for the process to happen. Adenosine (ATP) is the process that makes energy…

HALDANE RELATIONSHIP AND ONE-WAY ENZYMES  INTRODUCTION: Most of the enzyme catalyzed biological reactions are reversible in nature. However, an enzyme may prefer to catalyze the reaction more efficiently in one direction over the other under given physiological concentrations of substrate or product (substrate in the reverse direction). An enzyme favouring a virtual unidirectional catalysis of an overall reversible reaction can’t escape the laws of thermodynamics. As a catalyst doesn’t change…

above image shows insulin secretion stimulated by glucose. There is an uptake of glucose by the carrier protein GLUT2 when glucose levels increase in the blood [4]. GLUT 2 is found within the B-cells of the pancreas. The glucose then goes through glycolysis to become pyruvate via oxidation. Within the mitochondria of the cell, there is a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which acts to oxidize the pyruvate [5]. This produces NADH and FADH2 which become oxidized by oxidative phosphorylation machinery…

Hypothesis: Aerobic Respiration: If a phosphate buffer, dichlorophenol-indophenol and succinate are added to a mitochondrial extract then the succinate molecules will bind to an enzyme complex (succinate dehydrogenase). Because the enzyme and FAD are a part of the same complex, initiating succinate oxidation, this reaction reduces FAD to FADH2. Thus the oxidation of succinate to furmarate. Anaerobic Respiration: If a solution of yeast and glucose is combined and placed in different incubation…

Obesity is a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat. It’s commonly measured using a BMI scale. Obesity is becoming a national threat to the residences of planet earth as it is a clandestine force that strikes even in broad daylight. Obesity has become the number one national health problem in America, and China isn 't that far behind. It has been classified as a disease and for good reasons. It has brought people a copious amount of health…

All bacteria are lacking of a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, classifying them as prokaryotes. In the six-kingdom system used by the United States, all bacteria fall into the taxonomic kingdom of either archaebacteria or eubacteria. Bacteria are all unicellular and microscopic regardless of which kingdom they are grouped in. In general, archaebacteria are thought to resemble the first living bacteria on earth and are normally grouped by the climate in which they…

There is a lot of misinformation on the internet about healthy eating and healthy living. My hope is to squash some of the misconceptions today about the link between reducing disease risks and drinking nutritious smoothies. Hippocrates, a doctor from 460 B.C. once said “Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food.” During a time when the common belief was that sickness stayed in one area of the body, Hippocrates countered that idea with a school of thought that sickness was in…

1. The three treatment options function synergistically to benefit the patient with prostate cancer. The ionizing radiation causes single and double stranded breaks to the neoplastic cells DNA, this halts replication and cell function until it can be repaired. Etoposide is a podophyllotoxin that inhibits topoisomerase II, the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA. If the DNA cannot unwind, the cell will be unable to replicate, transcribe mRNA, or repair itself. If the cell is unable to repair…

Exercise Physiology It has long been thought that strenuous or prolonged exercise can affect the human’s endocrine system. This is an interesting scenario because endocrine system synthase performs as a negative feedback system. This means that when there is an unusually high level of a hormone in the blood, a signal will be sent back and production of that particular hormone will be stopped. The negative feedback system can easily keep all hormones levels at the optimal level for humans.…

An estuary is a body of water in which fresh water from streams and rivers flows into seawater-containing oceans (Estuaries, 2008). The mixture of both seawater and fresh water is termed brackish water (Estuaries, 2008). Salinity depends on the exact location of an estuary, as the salt concentration is nonexistent in the fresh water end compared to the sea water end. The normal levels of salinity are between 0.5 to 35 ppt (Estuaries, 2008). Based on the central location of the fish kill site…