Glutamate transporter

In vivo, OLs do not exist as an isolated population. Rather, they formed a complex network with all the other major cells types in the CNS. Signaling between OLs and neurons, astrocytes and microglia have been reported plenty (Bastmeyer et al., 1991; Schwab and Schnell, 1991). To further assess whether the injury mechanism we observed in vitro faithfully reflects the real HIV pathogenesis in vivo, we used two models, a co-culture model where OLs are cultured on top of a mixed glial layer and a…

INTRODUCTION The nervous systems are developed by the proliferation of progenitors in the epithelium, the specification of neurons and glia, the growth and guidance of axons and dendrites, and the development and refinement of electrical and chemical synapses. In the central nervous system (CNS), stem cells reside throughout life in the forebrain, continuing to generate neurons and glia in the subventricular zone (SVZ) surrounding the lateral ventricle and in the dentate gyrus of the…

Neurosis can arise from symptoms of stress, often causing mild to severe psychological ailments, specifically depression and/or anxiety. There are many reasons as to why an individual may experience these depressive moods, and the relationship of your environment and your biological make up can make you more or less susceptible to forms of neurosis. There are many things that contribute to whether or not a person experiences depression. In addition to the way chemicals react in the brain and…

Background and Significance What is Social Anxiety Disorder? Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is one of the most common health disorder after depression and substance abuse and affects about 10 million Americans. This phobia is an anxiety disorder and individuals with this disorder experience intense distress in public settings. These individuals experience high levels of panic in seemingly “normal” social situations1. These social situations include public speaking,…

Desoxyn (Methamphitamine ) Classification: CNS Stimulant/Anorexiant/ Sympathomimetic MW: 149.237 g/mol pKa: 9.87 (at 25 °C) Chemical Formula: C10H15N IUPAC Name: (2S)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine Description Methamphetamine comes under category of amphetamine type stimulants. Methamphetamine is an Amphetamine Anorectic and Central Nervous System Stimulant. Other than clinical usage as an oral form or Intravenous form, methamphetamine has been highly abused as street drugs by…

(layer II), an astrocytic ribbon of cells composed of astrocytes (layer III), and a transitory zone (layer IV) [11, 12]. Neural stem cells with astrocyte-like properties (type B cells) reside in the astrocytic ribbon and typically express glutamate-aspartate transporter, nestin and the δ-isoform of glial fibrillary acidic protein (Figure 1) [13-15]. These type B cells need to re-enter the cell cycle in order to generate transit amplifying progenitor cells (type C cells), which in turn produce…

Names: Generic: modafinil, Trade name in New Zealand: MODAVIGIL® (MIMS 2015). Drug class: Central nervous stimulants (Wake- promoting agents) (Ballon and Feifel, 2006) Formulation: Modavigil ® is formulated as modafinil white to off-white, crystalline powder in tablet form. It is available in tablets containing 100mg of modafinil. Excipients in the tablet are: lactose, strach, pregelatinised maize, maicrocrystaline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, providone and magnesium stearate (Medsafe,…

Vitamin k is part of the fat-soluble vitamin and helps in binding calcium in bones and other body tissues. Vitamin K helps in the carboxylation of several glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate residues (Gla). Vitamin K also helps in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. Most deficiency in vitamin K is caused by lack of dietary supplements in diet and excessive use of broad-spectrum…

atypical antipsychotic that is used for the treatment of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder that will be discussed is quetiapine (trade name Seroquel). Clinical trials studying the mechanism which quetiapine acts on iontropic glutamate receptors in comparison to haloperidol a convention antipsychotic and clozapine which is also an atypical antipsychotic show significant differences in their effects on NMDA, glutamatergic, and AMPA receptors elucidating possible…

Cannabis, or cannabis sativa, originated in Central Asia and has been used for its psychoactive properties for many years (Iversen, 2008, p. 6). It affects the brain of adolescents and adults differently through the binding of CB1 receptors due to distinctions in neurocognitive development. There are certain changes in gray and white matter densities, brain volume, as well as endocannabinoid concentrations. This creates aberrations in cognition and memory performance. Cannabinoid’s structures…