Glucocorticoid

This paper illustrates how oscillations can affect different hormones and specifically focuses on how oscillations of glucocorticoid hormones play a vital role in the circadian activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To understand this concept, it is important to know what oscillations are and how they are impactful. It is widely accepted that all atoms oscillate or move. This occurs both in our environment and in our own bodies. Dynamic movement is actually necessary for us to…

Moving into adulthood, Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar, and Heim (2009) delineated the effects of acute stress versus chronic stress on the brain and behavior. Acute stressors depends on the level of glucocorticoid elevations. Small increases result in enhanced hippocampus-mediated learning and memory, where larger, prolonged elevations impair hippocampal function. Chronic stress causes dendritic atrophy in the rodent’s hippocampal CA 3 pyramidal neurons. Chronic stress can inhibit neurogenesis in the…

exposed to stressful events , the brain triggers a cascade of events ultimately leading to the release of stress hormones, such as glucocorticoids .(3) A portion of these glucocorticoids that transmit to the fetus through the placenta, increasing fetal HPA axis activity and changing brain development.(…

cortisol. Charmandari et al (2003), states the over excess of glucocorticoids can be harmful over long periods of time, which is why there is a negative feedback to the HPA to inhibit feedback when the glucocorticoid is no longer needed. In pregnant humans at risk of preterm delivery can be treated with synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) as late as 34 weeks of gestation to improve neonatal outcome (Kapoor et al., 2008). The reason that glucocorticoids are so effective in improving development is…

charge of the stress response—it is a glucocorticoid located in the adrenal cortex that is synthesized from cholesterol and regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. It works to maintain the body’s level of homeostasis after it undergoes stress, and also impacts many other hormones involved in processes including metabolism and immune responses. When the body is under a lot of negative stress, there are indeed long-term effects on the glucocorticoid synthesis and the function of the…

An anatomical change that Addison's disease can have on the nervous system is hyperpigmentation. With the insufficient levels of glucocorticoids, found in the blood, causes the pituitary gland to release more adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH. In some cases, parts of this hormone are converted into melanocytes, which initiates production of melanin. This leads to darkening of skin cells in areas, such as 'Palmar creases, flexural areas, sites of friction, recent scars, vermilion border of the…

Introduction The use of animal models in research is most often justified based on the idea that humans and animals are related to a certain degree and hence data obtained from animal experimentation can be extrapolated and applied to humans. Evidently, this does not apply to all species even those who share anatomical similarities or are closely related from an evolutionary standpoint as physiological responses may vary. However, animal models are required simply because experimentation on…

Since these side effects increase with dosage, the high doses of glucocorticoids that would be needed to treat severe cases might do just as much harm as they would good. Therefore, immunosuppressant drugs are often prescribed along with glucocorticoids so that the dosage of the glucocorticoids can be lessened, thus reducing the side effects that come along with it. Immunosuppressant drugs can also be prescribed along with glucocorticoids in order to create a more powerful treatment regimen when…

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Omega-3 fatty acids play a big role in a number of bodily functions. They are a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids and are usually found in fatty fish such as salmon, tuna and trout in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (NIH, 2017). Another type of omega-3, called alpha-linolenic acid, is found mainly in plants. Omega-3 fatty acids play a role in muscle activity, blood clotting, digestion, fertility, cell division and growth, brain…

Albuterol is an adrenergic receptor agonist with pharmacological properties and therapeutic indications similar to terbutaline. The mechanism of the anti-asthmatic action of adrenergic receptor agonists is without a doubt linked to the direct relaxation of airway smooth muscle and the bronchodilator. Although human bronchial smooth muscle receives little or no sympathetic stoppage, it contains large numbers of adrenergic receptors. When the adrenergic receptors activate the adenylyl cyclase…