Glucocorticoid

AIM: Sarcopenia has been defined as an involuntary loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength and/or function. The presence of sarcopenia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may have prognostic effects and may be mistaken for poor therapeutic control of PD. We aimed to evaluate sarcopenia in patients with PD. METHODS: One hundred non-demented PD patients, and 95 healthy subjects were included in the study. Avarage-Muscle mass, weight, bone mass, fat mass, basal metabolism rate (BMR), body…

Multiple Myeloma Cancer comes in many forms and severity, and nearly everyone can relate to cancer in one way or another. One specific cancer of the bone has affected many today, and the number of cases is increasing every year. “Multiple myeloma is the most common primary bone cancer among U.S. adults aged 70 years and older, and the incidence of the disease is increasing” (Reisenbuckler, 2014, p. 391). Because this disease is increasing, it is important to know exactly what multiple myeloma is…

The concept of stress is a very unspecific idea itself even to this day. While everyone experiences stress many live with diseases and illnesses that expand the stress beyond what most people have to experience. The basic impacts of stress on everyday people and those impacts on people with chronic diseases can vary immensely, however the coping methods are all the same and in most cases can improve the living standards of anyone having trouble with stress. The effects of stress on people with…

np). As a result, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, which is the body’s central stress response system, releases excessive glucocorticoid, which accordingly increases BMI (Zhou et al. np). Defined as an energy supplement equaling less than 1000 calories every day, famine and bodily overreaction thanks to malnutrition traces to higher obesity rates during adulthood (Butterfield np)…

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Five (DSM-V, 2013) as a depressive disorder. Symptoms include either having a depressed mood or loss interest or pleasure in nearly all activities for more than two weeks. It needs to be present every day. Criterion A states someone with the disorder needs to present five or more symptoms. Some of the symptoms include depressed mood through either subjective report or observations by others…

Introduction In vertebrates, reproduction is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus are key regulators of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system mainly though the synthesis of GnRH (Moenter et al., 2003). The decapeptide GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner, and the amplitude and frequency of these pulses change throughout the estrous cycle (McCartney et al., 2002; Moenter et al.…

1.0 INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Oral Drug Delivery System: Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. Modern drug delivery strategies try to improve oral drug delivery.1 When a new drug is discovered, a pharmaceutical industry asks one of the first questions is whether the drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route or not. If patient self administration cannot be achieved, the sale of drug constitute only small fraction of what the market would be…