Glucagon

The purpose of the homeostatic system is to maintain a stable environment despite fluctuations in the external environment, homeostasis meaning ‘same state’. Glucose homeostasis refers to maintaining blood glucose levels in the human body. Glucose is one of the most important energy sources. For various tissues in the body, such as the brain, glucose is the only substance used. It is important that there is a continuous supply of glucose for this reason. For homeostasis of the internal…

How glucose levels are re-established when a disruption in the system by internal influences are made. An example of an internal influence that disrupts the negative feedback system of blood glucose regulation is diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the body is not able to absorb enough glucose into cells or does not get converted into glycogen, either because of the lack of insulin in the body or because the body does not respond to the insulin properly. Because the negative feedback…

The Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are one of the newest anti-hyperglycemic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conventional anti-hyperglycemic drugs exhibit inadequate efficacy, a short duration of activity, and side effects such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, and digestive symptoms. Therefore, these drugs are associated with problems regarding safety and tolerability. In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)…

Insulin (from the Latin, insula meaning island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the…

Adrenal medulla:- The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the “fight-or-flight” response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in…

Hypoglycemia, also called low blood sugar, occurs when your blood glucose (blood sugar) level drops too low to provide enough energy for your body's activities. In adults or children older than 10 years, hypoglycemia is uncommon except as a side effect of diabetes treatment, but it can result from other medications or diseases, hormone or enzyme deficiencies, or tumors. Glucose, a form of sugar, is an important fuel for your body. Carbohydrates are the main dietary sources of glucose. Rice,…

Then the blood glucose will rise to a normal level. People who stuggle with diabetes sometime have a problem with this. Their glucagon response to hypoglycemia is impaired, and other hormones like adrenaline will kivk in and raise the glucose level. they won't easil;y return to normal…

The hormone, glucagon raises low glucose levels, while insulin inversely lowers them. Therefore, insulin is released from the beta cells of the pancreas following the cookies’ transformation into starch and sugars. The beta cells are stimulated by the sudden increase…

The pancreas is a compound glandular organ; derived from the endoderm, and is located in the retroperitoneum associated with several vital structures, which complicate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Normally it has an average weight of 90 g, and is shaped like a tadpole, that is divided into four main anatomical areas: head, neck, body, and tail (7). The pancreatic head is the thickest portion of the pancreas and lies within the C-loop of the duodenum, to the right of the superior…

effects, including Oxyntomodulin itself, as well as molecules such as Glucagon-Like Peptide 1. Oxyntomodulin is formed from a common preproglucagon precursor, this prohormone is found across the body, however, it is the processing of this prohormone individual to the location it is in that allows the wide variety of molecules to be formed from it dependent on body location (Larsen et al., 1997). If we take the production of Glucagon as an example, the presence of the enzyme prohormone convertase…