Glucagon

The islets of Langerhans enable the blood glucose level to be finely controlled. When blood glucose rises more insulin is released which stimulates body cells to absorb glucose, glucagon secretion also falls. Liver and muscle cells convert the glucose to glycogen for storage and other cells in the connective tissue called adipose cells convert glucose into fat. The opposite occurs when blood glucose rises, more glucagon is released from the liver and less insulin is secreted. Glucagon stimulates the liver and muscle to start the process that breaks up the glycogen and fat to release glucose. Insulin causes the decrease of blood glucose as it stimulates the body cells to absorb it. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels because the liver converts stored glycogen into glucose to be released. Blood glucose levels are self-correcting by using the negative feedback system; they counteract the change constantly in order to maintain a healthy internal…

Glucagon plays a role in maintaining blood sugar levels just as insulin does. Insulin regulates the blood sugar levels when the body becomes hyperglycemic and glucagon regulates hypoglycemia (Bowen, “Glucagon” ,1999). Glucagon is a direct contradiction for insulin. They don’t necessarily work against each other but they both have opposite functions. The one thing glucagon and insulin have in common is they both work against each other in order to create homeostasis. To do so, insulin is a…

1a Glucagon and insulin both regulate blood glucose levels. However, their effects are contrasting: glucose is a hyperglycemic hormone, whereas insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone. A hyperglycemic hormone is a hormone that raises blood glucose levels. Glucagon acts as a hyperglycemic hormone because glucagon targets the liver to promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose; while gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and…

Both insulin and glucagon work together towards a balanced body metabolism, however, they are divided into the opposite function: insulin supports anabolic reactions while glucagon, catabolic reactions. They are released from the pancreas and controlled in the brain by the pituitary gland. Insulin has many functions, it signals a state of energy abundance, promotes of amino and glucose acid absorption to various tissues from the blood as well as stimulation of anabolic processes such as…

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone involved in glucose regulation. Made in the intestines and released in response to the rise in glucose from eating, GLP-1 plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin production and suppressing glucagon release. Additionally, GLP-1 slows gastric emptying and contributes to satiety. The combination of these factors contributes to glycemia, particularly following meals. Activity of GLP-1, much like insulin, is…

The subjects in this study are thirty-six healthy, nonobese males from 18 years old to 55 years old (29/36 [81%] white; mean age, 26.6 years; mean weight, 76.0 kg) [2]. This thirty-six subjects were assigned into six cohorts in an ascending-dose strategy, they received the oral alogliptin once a day in 25, 50, 100, 200 and 800 mg, respectively. Every cohort has one subject received placebo, and each cohort start their assigned dose after the confirmation of the safety data from the previous…

Rufinamide (Banzel) was designated as an orphan drug for use in the treatment of seizures that are caused by Lennox—Gastaut syndrome in patients older than four in 2004 by the FDA (Food and Drug Adminsitration).¬¬¬¬¬1 Lennox—Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a epileptic disease, commonly found in children, that is characterized a high rate of injury from seizures as well as a wide range of treatment-resistant seizures. In the past treatments were inadequate, leaving patients without much, but after the…

Common brand name: Symlin Pramlintide is a drug that work synonymous to amylin. “It works by slowing down food digestion. This prevents blood sugar from rising as quickly after you eat,” (drug.com, 2000-2017, p.1). Amylin is part of protein hormone that is secreted along with insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas and help to regulate blood sugar level by inhibiting glucagon secretion and slowing the rate at which food leaves the stomach,” ( FARLEX, 2013-2017, p.1). Glucagon is a protein…

phenomenon of tight regulation is commonly referred to as glucose homeostasis. Insulin and glucagon are the most well-known of the hormones involved. Blood sugar levels are regulated by negative feedback in order to keep the body in homeostasis. The levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by many tissues, but the cells in the pancreas's Islets of Langerhans are among the best understood and important. The pancreas, in addition to its digestive functions, secretes two important hormones,…

This is called hypoglycaemia and stops further insulin release from the beta cells through a negative feedback loop. Glycogen synthesis in the liver diminishes and the enzymes responsible for breakdown of glycogen become active. Glycogen does not breakdown just because insulin secretion stops but also because of the presence of glucagon, which is secreted when blood glucose levels fall. Low blood glucose levels When blood glucose levels fall, from lack of food intake or exercise, the hormone…