Gingiva

white, and flawless smile (Theobald 59). Smile aesthetics have become so important that people take everything into consideration. In today’s world, tooth size, shape, color, and position, are not the only things that make a smile perfect. The gingiva, or gums, of the mouth have to be barely visible and the lips have to be big enough to cover the gum line, eliminating what is referred to as a, ‘gummy’ smile (Loi…

What is the relationship between oral and gut microbiome and arthritis disease? The term microbiome or microbiota is defined by Joshua Lederberg (scientist worked in genetic microbiome); these organisms are found in the skin or mucus membrane. They have the ability to extract the necessary energy to stay live. The host utilizes them for digestion, production of nutrients, removal of toxins, attacks on pathogens and to strengthen the immune system (Scher and Abramson, 2011). The Human…

Diabetes Diabetes and oral diseases are very closely related. In fact, an alarming ninety three percent of diabetic individuals in the United States also have periodontal disease, according to Sindelar (2013, p. 56). Moreover, diabetes and periodontal disease have a bi-directional relationship; as in diabetes can have a negative effect on periodontal disease just as periodontal disease can negatively affect diabetes. Therefore, maintaining oral health and practicing good oral hygiene is…

Past dental history and oral hygiene practices Ben regularly attended dental appointments with an oral health practitioner until three years prior to this consultation. He underwent orthodontic treatment to achieve space closure from missing upper lateral incisors in the upper arch and to relieve maxillary and mandibular crowding of teeth. 12 months prior to this consultation, fixed braces were removed and fixed lingual and palatal wire retainers were placed on the anterior teeth. Ben reports a…

Treatment Before I commence any treatment, I will ensure that his diabetes is controlled and it is safe to provide dental treatment. Failing to do so can result in an acute medical emergency in chair resulting from coma and ketoacidosis (Carranza, 2015). Therefore, I will refer him to his general practitioner (GP) to assess his diabetes and readjust insulin regime if required. I will update his medical history prior to treatment at each appointment. I will also ensure that I obtain written…

These essential parts of the body are small, pointy, round, and help chew food. What are they? Teeth! Teeth come in many shapes, many sizes, and unfortunately, many colors. Each tooth has its own function, as well as its own important structure. Teeth cannot be unattended to though. They must be cared for properly in order to maintain their appearance and health. Teeth are made up of many different substances and parts. Understanding these things makes caring for teeth much easier.…

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is a common chronic metabolic disorder and of the main causes of death in the United States. The total prevalence of diabetes in the United States is 25.8 million people, of these; 7.0 million have undiagnosed diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Among adults, diabetes is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, renal failure, blindness, and non-traumatic amputations of lower extremities (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). The…