Ghana Empire

The Journey of a Loyalist Widow during the American Revolution My original name is Arabella Edward, but since we moved to the Colonies everyone refers to me a “Bella”. I was born and raised in Great Britain, under the Crown, and remain loyal to them to this day. I’m 22 years old. Turned out my husband was an agent for the British crown, whose name was Thomas Edward, age 26, and insisted we move to North America in hopes for “A better, brighter future.” We began in Boston. We moved here in early…

Scientific discoveries both from the United States and Europe, during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, heralded a dramatic break between public health services’ control and improvement of society. It was a moment of contradiction that created unmatched medical advancement that was accompanied by intense imperial force abroad. While these two centuries saw the advancement to infectious disease treatment, reform of individual and household hygiene, and collective health practices…

“Tactics favor the regular army while strategy favors the enemy … therefore the object is to fight, not to maneuver.” – Colonel C.E. Callwell, in Small Wars; Their Principles and Practice. Asymmetric warfare is typically a war between a standing, professional army and an insurgency or resistance movement. It is warfare between opposing forces that differ greatly in military power resulting in the use of unconventional weapons and tactics (tactics usually associated with guerilla warfare.) The…

For many of us, it is hard to imagine life without freedom. A life with no chance of ever being able to escape from bondage. A desperation that could not be subdued no matter how much you kicked and screamed, shouted, or even ran. Men, women and children, shackled, whipped, and forced to work tirelessly in fields and serve their masters. Freedom was surely not in their itinerary. This was life for most African-Americans in 18th century America. Slavery was a very controversial practice in early…

The American Revolution provided the Founding Fathers with a unique opportunity: they were able to create a nation that was entirely their own. Before the Revolution, there was no real colonial government; the colonists were for the most part under British control. The founders were tasked with creating the plans for the government of a new nation from the ground up. With this task, there was a lot of debate over how to structure the government. Arguably the most important debates of the time…

of a person who controls someone of something. Julius Caesar may have been the person to have the most of that power in all time. Julius Caesar, a well-known Roman dictator, impacted the destiny of the nation that he lead by expanding the Roman Empire. Author’s can use various genres of literature as a proactiv tool in educating people in many ways. Various genres of literature can be used a proactive tool in learning in many ways including having a profound effect on the reader. This makes…

Hyrcanus II, Aristobulus II, and Antipater Hyrcanus gave up his priesthood after a major defeat from his brother, Aristobulus. Then, after receiving help from Antipater, an Idumean governor, and the Nabatean kingdom, Hyrcanus was successful in pursuing Aristobulus once again. Aristobulus took refuge in the temple area and fortified himself. Roman armies, under the leadership of Pompey, came on the scene, supported Hyrcanus, and defeated Aristobulus. Pompey forcibly entered the Holy of Holies…

Throughout history many great peoples have held power throughout the world but none have come close to that of the Roman Empire. At its height a person could walk from one end of Roman controlled territory to the other with nothing but the words “I am a citizen of Rome” and be completely protected. Rome had conquered over half of the known world at one point in time. Rome started off as a small farming community around 900 b.c. but was later founded by twin brothers, Romulus and Remus, during…

Kirk Ormand is a classics professor at Oberlin University who specializes in sexuality in the ancient world. Throughout chapters eight, ten, and thirteen of his book Controlling Desires, Ormand looks at many aspects pertaining to Roman sexuality. An overarching theme of the three chapters looks at what was considered normal sexual behavior in Rome, with a focusing at times on homosexuality in Rome. Over the course of the chapters, Ormand looks at Rome’s origins and interrelation to Greece with…

The Imperialist, Richard Francis Burton and His Hierarchy of Race Richard Francis Burton’s minor works published on the website burtoniana.org have provided scholars, historians, anthropologists, and geographers with valuable primary sources of Burton’s expeditions of India, the Middle East, Africa, and the Americas. Specifically in Africa, Burton had the fortune of being the first European to enter many African lands never explored by outsiders. Burton led the expedition to East Africa that…