Genus

survive in nature. In the microscopic world, however, organisms such as bacteria and fungi do not have the ability to ward off enemies with brute force, so they have to produce chemical defenses. In the case of fungi, specifically the Penicillium genus, their chemical defenses are against bacteria, in the form of antibiotics. In the early 20th century, scientists adapted these chemicals into antibiotics for human consumption (Wennergren 141). Since then, antibiotic use has grown tremendously,…

Human phylogenetic trees differ according to available data. In some, for example, Homo erectus is shown to be one of Homo sapien’s ancestors. Neanderthals are shown to be co-descendants with archaic Homo sapiens and as a dead end in the human phylogenetic tree. This would mean that they went extinct without contributing genes to modern humans. In other trees, Neanderthals are shown to have interbred with modern Homo sapiens. There are sources that claim that Homo erectus is the first hominid to…

reducing tuberculosis, ulcers, pulmonary congestion and fungal infection (Misra and Srivam, 2002). In spite of taro’s value as a food source, research aiming to the improvement of its cultivation has been limited. There are about 60 species in the genus Phytophthora all of which are plant pathogens. It is one of the most destructive genera of plant pathogens in temperate and tropical regions, causing annual…

S. aureus was first isolated by Alexander Ogston. Ogston described the bacteria, which he isolated from pus collected from surgical wounds, as micrococci (Thomer et al., 2015). This description was given because of the sphere-shape of the bacteria and the grape-like clusters that they form. After Ogston’s discovery, Friedrich Rosenbach differentiated between two staphylococci bacteria, which were isolated from humans (Thomer et al., 2015). These bacteria were named S. aureus and S. albus. This…

Excessive moisture content forms an ideal medium for the growth of different types of microorganisms, which subsequently reduce the efficacy and quality of the plant. The percentage of moisture content was found to be 4%±0.02, which is acceptable for the genus Lavandula. The ash value of the plant is an important parameter to illustrate the quality as well as purity of herbal medicine. Total ash, acid insoluble ash, and water soluble ash of the…

is not the organism itself, but a component that is found inside it and constantly produced as a “weapon” to fend off any predators, mainly herbivores and omnivores (obviously), those that do try to eat it. For psilocybin, they can be found in the genus Agaricales which include numerous species, listed in following along with the number of organisms per species: genera Psilocybe (117 species), Gymnopilus (13 species), Panaeolus (7 species), Copelandia (12 species), Hypholoma (6…

Geographical distribution and Karyotype of Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Rodentia, Spalacidae) in Iraq (Kurdistan Region) Zaitoon Ahmed HAMAD1, Yüksel COŞKUN2*, Alaettin KAYA2 1 Dicle University Institute of Science Biology Section, Diyarbakır /Turkey 2 Dicle University Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Diyarbakır/Turkey *Corresponding author Geographical distribution and Karyotype of Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Rodentia, Spalacidae) in Iraq (Kurdistan Region) Abstract The…

WA-2 Final Introduction While ethics often refer to moral beliefs or amoral conclusions, ethical behavior by definition relates to an attitude and/or conduct of one person or group toward another individual or genus. A most interesting observation when reviewing these ethical philosophies is that the argument and conclusions of the philosophers often reflects that philosopher 's social benefit. In other words, someone that desires no human relation with someone ranked in a lower caste…

application of ultrasound, strategic heat, traps, or the introduction of a predator or parasite of Varroa. Without these treatments, most honey bee colonies in temperate regions would collapse in less than three years. There are four mites in the Genus Varroa and their virulence toward A. mellifera is not uniform. V. destructor is the only mite of economic importance today. Their population growth is variable but can be explosive, devastating a colony themselves and by indirect pathogen…

Bos bison, or the American bison, is the largest land mammal native to North America. It is placed in the same genus, Bos, as the domestic cattle. However, some taxonomists categorize it in the genus Bison, arguing that there is a substantial number of differences to separate it from domestic cattle. The American bison can be separated into two subspecies: B. Bison bison and B. Bison athabascae. B. Bison bison, or the plains bison, is more common in western United States. The plains bison also…