Genotype

Epigenetics are responsible for the “ghost” of the genome, enabling organisms identical by genotype to differ significantly in phenotype. It is referred to as a ghost because it was previously undetectable, and therefore mysterious. One important experiment to epigenetics involved a gene in mice that tell their body when to stop eating. In a…

3. Intelligence changes on a biological basis Biologically, intelligence is closely connected with brain development in children. A newborn baby has over a trillion nerve cells that communicate through even more synapses. At this point, children have more developed central nerve system (later CNS) than they need and synapses grow even more in the time to adolescence. The rate of synapse formation responsible for higher cognitive functions - one of them is intelligence reaches a peak at 3 years,…

versatility of these molecular biology techniques of PCR and gel electrophoresis to serve as methods identifying individuals. Both of the hypotheses made in this experiment that (1) there were genetic variation with the six students and (2) Student 3’s genotype was heterozygous were supported by the data. As seen in Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1 with different agarose gel percentages, it can be concluded that each of the six students are genetically variable and unlike each other. Neither of the…

error in replication, a deletion of genetic information, or insertion or adding of genetic information, it is a genetic mutation. Genetic mutations do no always affect the phenotype of an organism but will affect the genotype. A phenotype is how the gene appears to us. The genotype is the genetic makeup of the…

Variation is the fuel that feeds evolutionary change and it originates at the levels of phenotype and genotype. Environments of organisms are greatly influenced by biotic factors such as predation and competition, but are also influenced by abiotic factors such as human activity and climate. In biology, disturbances are changes within environmental conditions that cause intense changes in ecosystems. Some organisms poorly suited for their local environment can respond adaptively by altering…

reproduction of individuals with a particular genotype/phenotype Negative and Positive selection- both lead to changes in allele frequencies. Negative selection is getting rid of non-adaptive trait (the trait doesn't help to survive and reproduce) while Positive selection is retaining an advantageous (adaptive) trait 27. How does natural selection differ from artificial selection? Is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals with a particular genotype/phenotype Negative and…

Since Mr. O’Donnell genotype is unknown to us at the moment, there is a 100% chance that their child will have albinism if he has the disorder, but if he doesn’t have the disorder and he is a homozygous, then there is a 100% chance that their child won’t have the disorder. If Mr. O’Donnell happens to be a heterozygote, then they have a 50% chance of having a child with albinism, but no matter what genotype he is, his children will either have the disorder or be…

producing at a locus increases frequency of that allele. This creates a mutation-selection balance in a population stabilizing the allele frequency, therefore genetic diversity still operates in the population. On the other hand, presence of sparse genotypes can influence genetic diversity within a population leading to negative frequency-dependent…

DATABASES 1. Assembly Assembly database is needed to provide a systematic organization of genome. To accomplish that, the genome is fragmented into small pieces and is sequenced for many times to try to recreate the set of chromosome sequences. This database provides a unique tracker in form of accession so that users can identify changes to an assembly in precise locations whenever needed. There are two different types of assembly updates which are major release and minor release. 2.…

1. In a re-sequencing study to detect genetic variation that influences expression and inducibility of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, novel mutations are detected in the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3), a nuclear hormone receptor that acts as a transcription factor and controls the expression of CYPs including CYP34. Activation of CAR induces (increases) the expression of CYP enzymes. An alignment of the amino acid sequence of human, monkey, rat, and mouse CARs is indicated below.…