Geneva Protocol

A routing loop is a situation that occurs between two or more routers in which a packet is continuously routed between the routers as a result of irregularities from the routing algorithms and/or the routing tables of the routers. (routing loops, 2015). An example is when three routers are connected in a triangular pattern i.e. router A is connected to router B, router B is connected to router C and router C is connected to router A, when the network is converged, all three routers will have…

can be processed. The congested routers can discard queued packets to make room for those that are arriving. 4. This layer divide the data into segments and also ensures that data must be received in the same sequence in which it was sent. The protocols that are used are TCP and UDP. The data link layer is responsible for encapsulation of packets into frames and then transferring them to the physical layer. It is also responsible for flow control and addressing. 5. A three-way handshake is…

the TCP/IP protocol suite. I will also be describing the type and functions of entities and the service they provide. A) The way communications are done between a computers on a network is through protocol suits. The most used protocol suite and commonly available protocol suite is TCP/IP protocol suite. A protocol suit contains a layered structural design where each layer represents some functionality which can be passed out by a protocol. Each layer usually contains more than one protocol…

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) are a suite of protocols designed for large-scale internetworks that span LAN and WAN environments. TCP/IP are communication protocols that are used to handle traffic on the internet and other networks. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). These are today the standard networking protocols and were created from a synthesis of a number of earlier developments in the…

two major components to the MPLS architecture and they are control panel and data panel. The control panel has a complex function and is used to exchange the layer 3 routing information (RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP) and labels (Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)). The data plane is used to forward the packets based on the destination address or labels. The routers that are capable of routing and switching in the MPLS domain are called LSR (Label Switch Routers). This routing and switching takes…

2.3 What is Protocol? Protocol is defined as a set of Rules which governs the communication to a network Between the Layers. In Order to establish a communication in a network Successfully, These are the Following Example: File Transfer Protocol, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. 2.4 What is a protocol data unit (PDU)? Protocol Data Unit is the both the Data from Next Higher Communication layer and Total Control Information, in simple it the Combination of Bothe the Higher Layer and Information.…

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QUES 1. A router has the following CIDR entries in the routing table: Address/Mask Next Hop 135.46.56.0/22 Interface 0 135.46.60.0/22 Interface 1 192.53.40.0/23 Router 1 Default Router 2 For each of the following IP addresses, what does the router do if a packet with that address arrives? 1. 135.46.63.10 2. 135.46.57.14 3. 135.46.52.2 4. 192.53.40.7 5. 192.53.56.7 g entirely with bytes is much simpler than working with individual bits. Answers: 1. 135.46.63.10 Using the first 22 bits of it as…

Text Data Computers represent information using bits. A bit string is a sequence of zero or more bits. This information is encoded by the sender and will be transmitted. The receiver then decodes the information. Data sent may be corrupted along the way because noise may interfere every time an information is transmitted to any channel. A channel is the physical medium through which information is transmitted. Examples of channels include telephone lines, internet cables, fiber optic lines,…

GUI (Graphical User Interface), Wireshark allows a live view of the network traffic on the network card it is listening to. 2.9 Our approach to improving the throughput of QoS with SDN: 2.9.1 Setup and run Mininet and controller The first step installs Mininet in Ubuntu operation system, we are don't using a virtual machine and then install Ryu controller in OS. 2.9.2 Create custom network We must be to create a custom network as appropriate with our thesis such as star topology or random…