Genetic drift

Over the generations, ancestors evolved different allele frequencies due to recurring natural selection. In fact, natural selection and mutation were considered the main hypotheses for the sickle gene cell. However, those hypotheses limit in explaining the entirety for the frequency of the HbS allele in human populations around the globe. The complex relationship between the HbS allele frequencies and the level of malaria prevalence support the malaria hypothesis at a global scale and further…

mathematician, and Wilhem Weinberg, a physician in Germany, formulated a probability equation about the frequencies of genes that are inheritable within a gene pool. They analyzed that the frequencies of alleles. Hardy and Weinberg made an equation about genetic variance of a population at equilibrium. They postulated that allele or genes should be stable or equal with no disturbing factors. For a generation be able to remain constant and reach the equilibrium within generations, they postulated…

Introduction Evolution is the process in which organisms change from one generation to the next over a period of time. The Hardy-Weinberg equation is one of the most popular ways to determine if a certain trait within a population is changing. The Hardy-Weinberg equation provides a null-hypothesis to compare to the observation of the population. One can predict the outcome of the estimated amount of offspring in a population by using two alleles to determine which will be present in future…

evolution. Natural selection is a non-random sorting process, however, other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, a random sorting process, can also lead to the evolution of a population. Genetic drift may lead to a change in the frequency of alleles in a population, however the change will be unpredictable. In this experiment, we will be emulating the processes of both natural selection and genetic drift to model the evolution of a population of weevils. The “weevils” in this experiment will…

We expect the genetic frequency of “A” and “a” to be constant based on Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. However, from the table I and graph of genetic drift, we find f(A) is increasing in the offspring and f(a) is decreasing in the offspring. We find small population size violates the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium rule. Table I and graph of genetic drift also bring into question whether the genetic drift would end up with an extinction or fixation of genes. This is further explained in the Table II…

natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Mutations are the only force that can change the genetic code and without them the other forces wouldn’t happen. When a mutation takes place in a sex cell, it can them be passed down through generations. Natural selection was first brought about by Charles Darwin. It is the belief that the better an organism adapts to their environment, the more likely they are to live longer as well as reproduce. Genetic flow is the spreading of genetic material…

possibility of being effected. When a species is the victim to an unplanned disaster, the genetic diversity of their population can be effected from on generation to the next. (Reese). When said event occurs, the effect it has on genetic diversity is known as genetic drift. While both genetic drift and natural selection will have an effect on a population, the rate at which they have effect varies. Genetic drift will effect the short term, due to the fact that it’s damage is exposed from one…

For this lab we conducted a population genetics study on the frequency of wild and apterous flies within a small population of fruit flies. The fruit fly Drosophila works well for genetic and evolutionary geared studies because they have a relatively short generation time but are intricate enough to reveal some biological principles that are parallel to many different kinds of eukaryotic organisms. When exposed to artificial selection in laboratory experiments, fruit flies have experienced…

from copying errors whenever DNA is being transcribed. There are several characters within the same species and each individual has the potential to bring up new ones during reproduction. The appearance of new characters involves a change in the genetic information. This change occurs through mutations. They may affect all the genes of an individual. Some mutations will lead to the death of an individual; those are said to be lethal. Others will express themselves with little to no consequences…

Epigenetics is the study of how changes and environmental factors experienced by an organism can affect the way genes are expressed without altering the genetic code. Epigenetics has also been linked to ageing. The reason why epigenetics affects ageing is because the DNA methylation acts as a clamp on the chromosomes, so when it comes time for the cell to replicate and unwind its chromatin from around the histones to copy the DNA, the methylation groups don’t allow that segment of DNA from being…