Generative linguistics

IDEOLOGY In contrast, Street (1984) stated that an 'Ideological' model of literacy "accepts that literacy varies from situation to situation and it depends on the belief" (Barton, 1994: 25). This means that reading, writing are cultural practices, and are learned in specific cultural contexts (Baker & Street, 1991:2). In (Cabral, & Martin-Jones 2008). Ideological model argued that using literacy and numeracy cannot be generalized across cultures, and cannot be isolated or treated either as…

Firstly, text and discourse are two key terms in linguistics. From a linguistic perspective, the earlier is used to “refer to any written or taped record of a certain piece of communication”. The former is used to “refer to the piece of communication in context”. (Nunan, 1993, P. 20) In addition, discourse in linguistics, is a unit of language larger than a single sentence. More broadly, discourse is known as the use of spoken or written language in a social context. Furthermore, discourses need…

Cultural identity is usually inferred on the basis of one’s sense of the act and the stance meanings. Of course, although some acts and stances are closely associated with particular cultural identities, other acts and stances are resources for constructing a wide range of cultural identities. The action is represented by touching, reaching, manipulating, and transforming not only ways of knowing objects, but also fundamental conceptual dimensions of cultural objects (Ochs 1993). It is…

Basically, we are aware that there are two forms of language learning. The first type is second language learning and next is foreign language learning (FLL). Learners from English language speaking environment are categorized as English language learners (ELL) and theylearn English as a second language. In contrast, foreign language learning is when the language studied by the learners is not spoken in the native country of the learners. There are key differences which are relevant to teaching…

1 Common Punctuation Mistakes Aside from the usual spelling and grammar mistakes I unintentionally do when writing, I often incur punctuation mistakes too. Listed below are common punctuation mistakes which I often encounter. 1. The abused apostrophe Apostrophes while simple in form confuse many of its users. It would help to always remember that punctuation rules for an apostrophe first is to imply ownership; second is to turn possessive noun words that commonly end in “s” into their plural…

Chapter one 1. Preliminaries 1.1 Introduction Translation is the act of rendering a written text from one language into another. It is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text, also called a translation, that communicates the same message in another language, which is why the outcome has to be close to the original meaning. If the goal of the translation is to understand the culture, it is more useful to comprehend the meaning.…

being ignored when necessary. It is well-studied that the teacher should give feedbacks on errors that are systematic, inconsistent, no less than ones impeding communication. More importantly, the editing strategies assisting learners to greater linguistic accuracy in their writing and fostering their autonomy should be taken into account. It is needless to say that the teacher should devote a great deal of time and effort in editing, providing enough practice, closely connecting with students’…

produce sounds it is one way in which humans communicate (Harrub, Thompson and Miller n.d.). Speech production mechanism involves different physiological structures that interact. Spoken language can be recognised through articulatory phonetics. Linguistic can be represented through articulator movements that in return make speech a way to transfer information. This can only happen with various parts of the chest, neck, and head. These various body parts are all part of the respiratory…

English must be mastered in order to communicate in international business meetings either virtual or face-to-face, as well as to read technical and specialized documents which cannot easily be translated into every language. For some educationists, learning other languages enables people to understand their own first language in a different way, building more sophisticated lifelong patterns (Puntis, 2011). Therefore, communication skills have always been valued in the workplace and in civic…

Language can be defined as a system of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way and also a system of communication used by a particular country or community (Dictionary, 2004). Brumfit refuted the earlier notions of language as simply a communication system and identified that language has five functions – personal, interpersonal, directive, referential and imagination. These functions allowed people to express feelings,…