Generative linguistics

Lee’s saw push & pull factor concepts in 1966 . He developed a “general schema into which a variety of spatial movements can be placed” (Lee, 1966:49). He also tried to figure out a number of conclusions with regard to the factors in the act of migration, the volume of migration, the development of streams and counter streams, and the characteristics of migrants. With regard to the factors in the act of migration he divided into “push” factors (factors associated with the area of origin),…

Intrapersonal communication is language or thought that occurs within the communicator. In order to effectively communicate with others, you must first acknowledge intraprasonal communication - how you communicate with yourself. However, intrapersonal communication is occasionally guided by interpersonal communication. While there are many types of intrapersonal communication, each one is equally important to identify and understand. Through identification and personal examples, intrapersonal…

Uncertainty reduction theory (URT) is a communication theory that explain about the development of interpersonal relationship between peoples. It is important to know that URT is a theory that link communication to the study of uncertainty. Uncertainty reduction theory focuses on how people by using communication can gain knowledge and create understanding towards each other. Every new relationship involve uncertainty and these uncertainty will create uncomfortable inside each person, so they…

Coercion is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as, to force one to act or think in a certain manner, to dominate, restrain, or control by force. Often at work or in a group environment one might utilise this form of power to control dominance over the group. This usage of power can often make other team members conform. In another definition, coercion is described as "using force or authority to make a person do something against his or her will" (Collins Compact Dictionary, 2001, p.166).…

In the Indonesian context, Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) or public vocational school is educational system where students are prepared to be able to involve in many aspects of global contention. To fulfil that demand, one of the keys with which students should be equipped is the ability to use English since it is the language used in the global communication. However, as mentioned in Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation (2014 No. 60) the English that should be mastered by SMK students…

Conventionally, communication has been defined as the process through which information is shared between individuals and businesses. This process of flow of information between individuals may be undertaken either verbally or non-verbally. Words are usually utilized in verbal communication while non-verbal communication takes place through gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, or behavior. The individual or business that chooses to utilize their knowledge of…

Cultural industries come from the two words ‘culture’ and ‘industry’, and therefore from the term ‘Cultural Industry’. The term culture industry was created by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno (CITE). The word Culture defines as “the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc.” (dictionary.com). On the contrary Industry could be defined as that refers to consumption, commodification and…

In the preface of the book, “Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development”, Anna Wierzbicka explains that the people who are bilingual, are facing problems every day, due to the sense of the meaning of an word or a frase. She is focusing on multilingualism and emotions, the things that make harder the meanings of understanding between people. Also, she gives examples from her own life, whice are accurate, and shows very clearly the differences between languages. She was born in Poland…

او مدري مين The notion of communicative competence was first mentioned by Hymes. He invented this term to compare between a communicative view of language and Chomsky's theory of competence. Chomsky(1965) mentioned that the main concern of the linguistic theory is to define the main principles which enable speakers to formulate a good and correct sentence. On the other hand, Hymes's theory of communicative competence illustrated the things that a competent speaker have to be familiar with.…

Cultural awareness is very important and significant point in learning language. So, first of all, we should analysis what is culture and cultural awareness, connections between language and culture. There are different conceptions of culture. Culture has been referred to as ‘the ways of a people’. This view incorporates both ‘material’ manifestations of culture that are easily seen and ‘non-material’ ones that are more difficult to observe, as Saville-Troike notes. Anthropologists define…