Gene expression

were due to random mistakes, 29 percent were due to environmental factors or people’s lifestyles, and 5 percent (5%) due to inherited mutations [2] The transcription of a gene begins with transcription elements, mostly protein and RNAs, binding to regulatory sites on DNA. The frequency of this binding affects the level of expression. Experiments have verified that a stronger binding site will increase the effect of a protein on transcription rate. On the other hand, since the DNA sequences is…

A significant difference in transcript expression is determined by a p-value of 0.05. The lack of differences among each condition could result from the sorting protocol used or the randomize sampling method for transcript selection during library preparation. As stated previously, sorting was…

million births around the globe. (Arancio, Pizzolanti, Genovese, Pitrone, & Giodarno, 2014). Because HGPS is so rare, it is extremely difficult for research on the biology of this disease to be conducted. The cause of HGPS is due to mutations to the LMNA gene, which is responsible for coding a…

In Figure 1A, Kvon et al, showed a mouse embryo with human ZRS enhancer activity to express where in the embryo ZRS expression is located. To highlight the differences in the ZRS region and when they may have occurred evolutionarily, Figure 1B and 1C show a comparison in the ZRS region amongst the species and the phylogeny of these species, respectively, to better comprehend…

sequence of the chemicals, or the genes, are what determine many…

There are many ligands that made up the chemokine receptor CXCR3 for the successful mediation of gene transcription. These ligands include the following CXCL 11, CXCL 10, and CXCL 9. DNA purification (Mini prep) helps to determine the concentration of both GFP and NFkB DNA before being used to transfect both HeLa and HEK 293 cell. The purification of DNA also allows the extraction and purification of plasmid DNA. According to the data that was generated by the completion of the Mini Prep, GFP…

It has been well established that personal stress can affect our bodies and behavior, but what about the stress experienced by our parents or even our grandparents? It is not too much of a stretch to connect a mother’s stress during pregnancy to changes in the fetus. It makes sense that what the mother’s body goes through during pregnancy could also affect the child, however, in the New York Times article by Inna Gaisler-Salomon, “Inheriting Stress” (March 7, 2014), the author discussed her…

angiogenesis in a variety of in vivo models. The gene transcripts level of VEGF is stimulated at the time of implantation because process of implantation occurs under hypoxic condition. In rodents, VEGF is involved during embryo–endometrium crosstalk by regulating endothelial cell proliferation and vascular permeability of endothelial cells at implantation sites in rodents (Rabbani and Rogers, 2001; Rockwell et al., 2002). The VEGF’s mRNA and protein expression level has been noticed in…

Cells can become cancerous when gene regulation is disrupted. Factors affecting gene regulation include mutations in DNA sequence, nucleosome positioning, chromatin organization and epigenetic changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. Numerous genetic mutations of inherited cancers have been identified, as there is a large body of research dedicated to identifying DNA mutations that are linked to tumor initiation. After initiation, tumor progression often occurs due to multiple…

learned that Epigenetic's is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself. I found it unbelievable that the way you choose to live and eat can effect your grandchildren's genes. I learned that epigenetic's brings both good and bad news. The good news is that scientist are learning to envelope drugs that treat illnesses by scenting bad genes and jump-starting the good ones. The bad news is the life style choices…