Gametophyte

Ferns are a kind of seedless vascular plant that develop haploid spores in order to reproduce. In a typical fern life cycle, the parent fern will produce haploid spores inside of multicellular structures called sporangia, which are found on the underside of the leaves of a mature fern plant in groups or clusters known as sori (Cordle et. al. 2007). Once the spores are produced they will disperse and will eventually undergo mitosis under favorable conditions in order to produce small gametophytes which will eventually mature and produce eggs and sperm in female and male gametangia, respectively. When conditions are ideal, meaning water is present, the sperm will be released and swim to the eggs within the female gametangia in order to fertilize them (Cordle et. al. 2007). This fertilization results in a diploid zygote which is supported by the original gametophyte while it undergoes mitosis and develops into an embryo which…

tooth margined leaves and develops a stem with short hard pines (Swearingen 2016). C. vulgaris produces fruits that are black and brown, cylindrical in shape with stiff barbed bristles that extend from the top of the fruit. Through the process of sexual reproduction angiosperm are able to produce fertile offspring’s that can produce seeds. The flowers reproductive systems produce megaspores that are the female gametophyte and microspores (male gametophyte). Within the flowers sexual organs,…

Gymnosperms are the naked bearing seeds (e.g conifers, cyadas etc.) that thrived as the climate dried, differentiating them from bryophytes and non-vascular seedless plants. In the late Mesozoic era, around 140 million years ago, angiosperms began to replace gymnosperms in certain ecosystems. Angiosperms are seeds of flowering and fruit-bearing plants and have a intricate life cycle. Within the diploid megasporangium of each ovule the diploid megasporocyte will meiotically divide into four…

The ferns that we used in the experiment are called Ceratopteris richardii (C-ferns). These ferns were used because of their exclusive properties in development and in the plant life cycle. In these plants, the haploid and diploid stages exist independently, making it easier to study them without influencing the cell life cycle. The haploid stage is the gametophyte stage and the diploid is the sporophyte stage. The second exclusive property that these plants possess is the fact that the spores…

Ceratoteris richardii Gametophytes Christine Robson April 14th, 2016 Lab Section 2010: Thursday; 9:30am Professor Gibbons James Madison University Introduction: Sex determination in organisms can be controlled by either the inheritance of sex chromosomes or environmental conditions. In many organisms, the sex of a developing embryo is determined by the inheritance of sex chromosomes that contain genetic information which determine the sexual phenotype in the developing…

processes in land plants.(5) All plants develop from single cells. In seed plants, (vascular plants) these zygotes develop into embryos which become encapsulated in seeds for dispersal. Mosses produce spores not seeds. (6) P. patens show an alteration of two generations: one, the gametophyte, is haploid and produces sex organs and gametes— sperm and egg cells generated by mitosis.(1) As in animals, sperm fertilize egg cells to produce diploid zygotes which subsequently grow into embryos. These…

Flowers, produce by the sporophyte, function in sexual reproduction The four floral organs are sepals, petals, stamens, and carpel. Sepals protect the floral bud. Petals help attract pollinators. Stamens bear anthers in which haploid microspores develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes. Carpel contains ovules (immature seeds) in their swollen bases. Within the ovules, embryos sacs (female’s gametophytes) develop from megaspore. Pollination which precedes fertilization is the…

The stamen consists of a filament with an anther on top. The anther contains microsporangium which can produce diploid microsporocytes (2n), a microsporocyte can then undergo meiosis, where it divides twice to produce four haploid microspores (n) which have half of the plants original genes. All four of these microspores will develop into pollen grains which contain the male gametophytes. Inside the gametophytes are two different haploid cells, one is a generative cell (n) that will divide into…

However bracken, like all ferns, is also able to spread by spore production and sexual reproduction in the gametophyte generation. During warm, dry summers spore production is encouraged. If conditions are suitable the spores germinate forming a small, disc-like prothallus (or gametophyte) fig. 1. The prothallus produces both male and female gametes. In moist conditions the mobile male gamete is able to travel to and fertilise the female gamete, usually on a different prothallus. The sporophyte…

They can reproduce asexually or sexually. They could reproduce asexually through fission, or sexually through “penis fencing”. Penis fencing is a reproductive practice that is practiced by only free living flatworms. In penis fencing, each of the individuals has the opportunity to inject the other with the male gametophyte, or sperm. All flatworms have the male reproductive organ, or the “penis”. They also all have both male and female reproduction systems. When two flatworms are ready to…