Fundamental physics concepts

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…

a) According to the right-hand rule, the direction of the magnetic fields of the 3 wires are shown: We find the magnetic fields B1, B2 and B3: 퐵1=퐵2= 푢0 푖 = 푢0 푖 = 4∗3.14×10−7 ∗(3.65) =ퟒퟐ.ퟔퟔퟎ풖푻 2휋푟 2휋( 2푎) 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗( 2(0.0121)) 퐵3= 푢0 푖 = 푢0 푖 = 4∗3.14×10−7 ∗(3.65) =ퟐퟎ.ퟏퟏퟎ풖푻 2휋푟 2휋(3푎) 2 ∗ 3.14 ∗(3∗(0.0121)) The x components of the B1 and B2 cancel each other; therefore the net magnetic field will be downward and we have (the negative sign is because the direction is downward): 퐵=− 퐵1cos 45 +…

Superfluid helium or He II is a macroscopic quantum fluid that exhibits extraordinary properties. %By applying the limit of low flow velocities, The behavior of the fluid can be understood using a Landau - Tisza model, where He II is considered to be a two-component fluid with independent velocity fields: the inviscid superfluid of density $\rho_s$, and the normal fluid of density $\rho_n$, where the total density $\rho$ = $\rho_s$ + $\rho_n$ \cite{Tisza,Landau}. The superfluid has neither…

Hooge’s relationship is an empirical relationship based on a large collection of data obtained for flicker noise in semiconductors and metal films. According to this model, the PSD of flicker noise is given by, S(f) = γHV 2 Ncf α Where Nc = ncΩ is the number of free charge carriers in the specimen,nc is the charge carrier density and Ω is the volume of specimen.γH is the Hooges constant, a parameter which characterizes the noise levels of a particular system. The initial value of gamma is…

The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains why gases behave the way they do. It explains how gas particles are in constant motion and create collisions that results in pressure. The theory is split up into four different postulates. Number one explains how gases are made up of tiny particles. To prove that those particles take up space, postulate #2 tells us that the particles collide with each other and those collisions make pressure. Pressure can either expand or shrink a flexible container,…

3.4. Electrochemical performance of Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 3.4.1. Electrochemical charge/discharge behavior Figure 9 (a-d) shows the charge/discharge profiles of four Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes (EV, CA/EDTA, CA and EDTA) cycled at 0.1C between 2.0 and 4.8 V, while Fig. 9(e) depicts the initial charge/discharge profiles of four Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 electrodes under the same conditions. All the initial charge/discharge profiles show the same general features. All the initial…

Critical assessment of the article: Quantitative analysis by Auger Electron Spectroscopy 1 Introduction When the outer electron fills the vacancy left by an ionized electron in the inner shell, the released energy can be passed to another outer electron that causes further emitting of an electron with characteristic energy, this is the basic principle of the Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) [1]. Nowadays, AES is almost an indispensable tool in nanoscience research for its high surface…

What do your results tell you? Are there any relationships, patterns or trends in your results? From our [processed] results, we can conclude that the polystyrene cup served as the least effective conductor of heat, the tin mug coming in at a close second. The most effective material for heat conduction was the plastic mug. At the beginning of the tests, all of the water in the cup declined in temperature at a steady, even rate, but once one minute had passed, they had all started to cool down…

I. Purpose: The purpose of this lab is best understood by the principles of static electricity, as two rough objects rub against each other the atoms of those objects touch and pull upon each other sporadically. When this occurs the electrons of those atoms will transfer between these objects and static electricity is generated. This lab is performed to see the role that static electricity has on objects, when determining their charge and how they interact, all seen by a firsthand course of…

Soccer is a sport that involves two teams of 11 players who strike a football with their feet. When the players kick the ball they can affects the way the ball spins in the air. Factors that affect the way a ball spins include: wind drag, the way the ball is struck, and friction. These affect it due to the change of the air-flow over the ball, which occur when the ball spins in both a translational and rotational motion. This is due to the magnus effect and bernoulli principle occurring when the…