Fundamental physics concepts

What is a RIN A Renewable Identification Number (RIN) is a serial number assigned to biofuel batches used to track its production, use, and trading activity. RINs are required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program. RINs are credits used for compliance, and are the currency of the RFS program. The RFS program is an initiative created by Congress to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in efforts to expand the nations renewable…

Bomb Calorimetry is a valuable instrumentthat measures the energy content of food and chemicals. A substance inside of the Bomb Calorimetry goes through a combustion reactions which take place inside of a closed stainless-steel container surrounded by water. In this experiment, benzoic acid and Tollhouse chocolate chips will release energy through a combustion reaction inside of the stainless-steel container. The combustion reaction that occurs will cause the water surrounding the system to…

Supplemental information for “Colloidal Type-II CdS/ZnSe NCs : Synthesis, Electronic Structures, and Spectroscopic Properties” S.A. Ivanov, A. Piryatinski, J. Nanda, S. Tretiak, D. Werder, V. I. Klimov Theoretical model. To describe quantum states in a spherically symmetric Type-II core/shell nanocrystals (NC) characterized by the core radius R and the shell width H, we use effective mass approximation. We assume the existence of single energy bands for both electrons and holes. This assumption…

charged electrons. Here, the electrons represents the plume in the pudding of positive charge. Hence his model was known as plum pudding model. It was also known as watermelon model where the positive charge was the flesh of the watermelon and the electrons were the sects. a) J.J. Thomson who discovered the electron in 1897, proposed the plum pudding model of the atom in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus in order to include the electron in the atomic model. b) In Thomson’s model,…

1.1 What is a heat engine? In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a device/system that uses heat to do work, i.e. it converts heat or thermal energy to mechanical energy. 1.2 How does a heat engine work and its operating principles? For a heat engine to work, it must operate in cycles. Firstly, heat is added into the system. Let the heat added into the system be represented by [Qh]. After that process, some of the energy that were added into the system will be used to do work e.g the…

Fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation Moving fluids Fluid dynamics is the study of how fluids behave when they're in motion. This can get very complicated, so we'll focus on one simple case, but we should briefly mention the different categories of fluid flow. Fluids can flow steadily, or be turbulent. In steady flow, the fluid passing a given point maintains a steady velocity. For turbulent flow, the speed and or the direction of the flow varies. In steady flow, the motion can be represented…

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the temperature and pressure of air at constant volume which placed the Jolly’s bulb in water of different temperature. At the constant volume of the air in the Jolly’s bulb, the temperature and pressure of the air are measured and recorded throughout the experiment. The result shows that the pressure of the air in the Jolly’s bulb increases as the temperature rises, and the pressure decreases as the temperature…

How Does Temperature (thermal kinetic energy) Affect the Phases of Matter? Observation Can matter be in anything that elements can mix to something different? Why does matter have to have more than 2 elements? What things do not have matter? Why does matter have to have more of, weight, volume or density? Why is there such things called matter? Why is the earth made of matter? How much does matter influence the earth and what it does to help? What is matter? How does…

iterative process are chosen. Inverse heat transfer problem concept By considering standard one dimensional, transient heat conduction problem in a slab of thickness L the physical significance of inverse heat conduction problem can be better understood. Initially measurements distribution in slab is F(x). For time t>0 a transient heat flux f(t) is applied on the boundary conditions at x=0 and x=L^([1]). The mathematical formulation of this concept…

All fluids have its resistance to relative motion between surfaces and is called Viscosity. This property is about the friction between the particles of a fluid. A fluid that is forced in a tube has the liquid moving faster as it is closer the axis of the tube and slower when farther from it. 3.1.1 Dimensionless Parameters In analysis of convection heat transfer, it is convenient to convert to non-dimensional the governing equations and combine the variables, which makes the group of…