Fundamental physics concepts

5. 3. 4 Typical application and thermometric error Consider a typical application such as the measurement of surface temperature by a surface mounted thermocouple as shown in Figure 5.9 (a). Figure 5. 9 : (a) Surface mounted thermocouple in Example 5. 1 (b) Thermal resistance network model Heat loss from the thermocouple is modeled as shown above by discussion leading to Equation 5.3. Thermocouple attached to the surface of a massive solid whose temperature we would like to measure.…

The similarities of Chapter 14(Kinetics of a Particle : Work and Energy) and Chapter 18 (Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body : Work and Energy) No. Similarities Examples of chapter 14(Kinetics of a Particle : Work and Energy) Examples of chapter 18(Planar Kinetics of a Rigid Body : Work and Energy) 1 Both energy are scalar quantity The kinetic energy of a rigid body that undergoes planar motion can be referenced to its mass center.It includes a scalar sum of its translational and rotational…

The heat exchanger design is an optimization engineering problem, to approach the best solution for sizing and selection of a heat exchanger and also to analyze its thermal performance. A properly sized heat exchanger should incorporate excess capacity to account for fouling that will occur during operation but too much oversizing results in higher manufacturing and installation costs. The most appropriate metric to describe the performance of a heat exchanger is its thermal capacity, which is…

Polymers Lab - IZOD Impact Test of Notched Polymer Introduction The IZOD impact test is a method used to determine the impact resistance of materials. The main objective of this experiment is to measure the impact strength of three specimens’ material by measuring the amount of the energy required to cause the material to fracture, using Avery Denison 6709 IZOD impact tester. Materials and Methods Apparatus: Three specimens with a machined 45° notch (V-Notch) at room temperature…

Energy profile of exothermic reaction Energy profile of endothermic reaction A)Doc Brown (2016) B)Doc Brown (2016) Thermodynamic reactions occur when there is a difference of energy during a chemical reaction. There are two types; Firstly, Exothermic reactions; This is when the initial reactants use less energy to break their existing bonds, than what energy was required to make the new bonds. The extra heat is spreads out into the surroundings (see above diagram A) An…

In this equation, x and y denotes the number of moles of RE and Mn atoms per formula unit of the structure, respectively. The RE and Mn represent the theoretical magnetic moment of trivalent free RE3+ ions and divalent Mn2+ ions respectively. The experimental values of total magnetic moments were found to be smaller than the calculated values (Table xyz). The crystal field effects can lead to lower value of magnetic moments for RE3+ ions in these compositions as compared to free RE3+ ions,…

1a) The incandescent bulb produced a continuous spectrum because all wavelengths were observed. Rutherford’s model predicts that the spectrum of hydrogen should be continuous as well. b) During the demonstration, a continuous spectrum was observed for incandescent light and a line spectrum was observed for hydrogen; therefore, my observations seem to contradict with Rutherford’s model. Rutherford hypothesized that atomic spectra should always be continuous because he believed that electrons…

In the “ If the earth has layers than the top layer is the least dense.” the hypothesis was accepted. Data that supports this is that canister number one had the least amount of sand and a density of 0.40g/mL3.This canister was the least dense of the three canisters. This is why it floated on the surface of the water. Opposed to canisters numbers two with more sand than canister number two and canister number three had the most sand .Water’s density is 1 g/mL3 . The reason canister one floated…

The purpose of the experiment was to determine how altering the amount of mass in a makeshift rocket will affect its distance. Our hypothesis stated that when more mass is added to the rocket, its distance will also increase. To investigate this theory, we conducted an experiment in which the mass of the rocket would be changed using differentiating amounts of water. To measure the height of the bottle rocket, we took rope and attached it to the girth of the liter bottle to determine how high…

Niels Bohr was born on October 7, 1885 and died November 18, 1962. Bohr was one of the four outstanding scientist who helped construct the atom. Niels contributed to the atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his work. Bohr was a physicist, philosopher, and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr’s proposal stated that the electron revolve in a stable orbit around the nucleus and that the energy levels in which the electrons are on are discrete.…