Functional illiteracy

Introduction: Nitrous acid (HNO2) is used as a source of nitrosonium ion (N≡O+). The nitrosonium ion by reacting with an aromatic amine converted into a diazonium salt. As diazonium ion is a weak electrophile, it reacts with electron-rich, aromatic coupling agents to produce an azo dye. The products are mainly ortho and para due to the reaction being an electrophilic aromatic substitution Reaction: p-nitroaniline p-nitro benzenediazonium chloride Para-red…

Nasra Hussein Dr. Carolyn Wanamaker CHE 222: Organic Chemistry 2 January 29, 2016 “Conversion of Oxazolidinediones to Isoindoloisoquinolinones via Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Reaction” Researchers Ji-Young Min and Guncheol Kim from the Department of Chemistry at Chungnam National University developed a method of converting isoindoloisoquinolinones using a Friedel-Crafts reactions. Friedel-Crafts are reactions that involve a 2-step substitution mechanism where substituents are attached to…

Fig. 2 show the protons nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) of HBA and HBA-BMF. In Fig. 2a,terminal methyl group present in fatty acid chain show the peak at around δ = 0.9 ppm.31 The proton of −CH2− groups of the fatty acid backbone and terminal methyl group attached proton show the peak between δ =1.20−1.59 ppm.30 The peak at δ = 5.4 ppm is attributed to the protons attached to the olefinic carbon atom (−CH=CH−) of fatty acid,28 this peak provides the evidence of the presence of fatty acid…

Aromatic rings are very unique and therefore can follow very specific reactions in order to add select substituents to its ring. One of those types of reactions is referred to as Friedel-Crafts a reaction, to main sub-categories is Friedel-Crafts Alkylation and Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Both of these types of reactions involve electrophilic aromatic substitution and are work with deactivated rings (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, 2010). In Friedel-Crafts Alkylation there is usually a secondary or…

Potassium Permanganate Test: 1. Three drops of the compound to be tested are dissolved in 2 ml of water or aqueous ethanol. 2% KMnO4 solution (a purple solution) is added drop wise and the solution is shaken. 2. The purple color of the KMnO4 solution disappears and a precipitate of MnO2 is formed. A negative test is if there no precipitate. 3. Repeat for every unknown and record observations. Observations and Results Water Solubility Test: When the test was conducted and observations were made,…

The optimized PF0 encapsulated hybrid NCs formulation was achieved by a two-step process (Fig 1) using nanoprecipitation and subsequently coating with chitosan. In Step-I, the nanoprecipitation technique was used to prepare PF0 loaded BSA NCs (PF0-ANC). In this nanoprecipitation technique, acetone was used as a desolvent [40]. Varying concentrations of PF0 solutions (125µM - 375µM) and BSA solution (156.25µM – 468.75µM) (Table 1) were mixed in a glass vial. The PF0 BSA solution was then added…

C24H28N203, is a 4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxamide molecule which consists of five main functional groups: a quinolone, an amide, a phenol, and two tert-butyls. Quinolones are regularly found in anti-biotics, amides are seen in the synthesis of nylon, phenol can be retrieved from coal tar, and tert-butyl groups are big hydrophobic groups found in tert-butyl alcohol (the simplest tertiary alcohol); none of these functional groups were invented or developed first by the parent company of the drug,…

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Synthesis of Schiff base Method preparation for Schiff base ligand is a straight forward synthesis and easily modified using different amines and carbonyl compound. This could be one of the reasons that make Schiff base ligand popular in coordination chemistry research. Synthesis of Schiff base ligand commonly, taking place in alcohol through condensation reaction of amines and carbonyl compound. The acid/base catalysis or heating is employed in the synthesis…

Four different were gathered from the IR spectroscopy to identify the nitrophenol. The first peak observed was a weak and broad at 3314.75 cm-1, which was corresponded to an alcohol group; therefore this peak must be corresponded to the O-H stretch of the phenol with a literature value that ranges from 3550-3500 cm-1 (Figure 5). The variance between the observed value, and the expected value can be due to the MHz of the IR spectrometer used. The second peak observed was a weak-medium, sharp and…

Background This experiment was performed to determine the identity of an unknown organic liquid using physical constants: physical state, color, and odor, the solubility classification: water soluble or insoluble, the results of characterization tests: Lucas test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine test, Bromine in Methylene Chloride test, and Ferric hydroxamate test, and analyses of spectral data: IR spectrum and HNMR . All testing samples were added to testing tubes for observation. Data was…