Functional illiteracy

Carbonyl compounds are the compounds the contain C=O group which is called carbonyl group (double bond oxygen to a carbon). There are many types of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides etc. Aldehydes and ketones are the oxidation products of alcohols. Depending on the alcohol’s structure, the product obtained will be different. Primary alcohols have one carbon and two hydrogen atoms attached will produce aldehyde and then to carboxylic acid in two…

1-[Cyano(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]cycloalkanol (VF-I) synthesized through the reaction of p-methoxyphenylacetonitrile and cyclohexanone using aq. NaOH and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate as PTC. NaBH4 and CoCl2 in 2:1 THF: H2O used for the reduction of VF-I to obtain 1-(2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)cyclohexanol (VF-II). Further, venlafaxine derivative of the amino acid -carboxamide (VFCA-I toVII ) synthesized through coupling of N-Phthaloyl amino acid chloride derivative (2a-2g-…

devices. In addition, their novelty is rapidly growing in other fields where they are used as sensing elements in chemical sensors, electrocatalysts, liquid crystals, electrochromic display devices, information storage systems, semiconductors, functional polymers and molecular metals, among others. They have also found use in photodynamic therapy (PDT). [15-17] Synthesis of Phthalocyanines A number of different methods are available for the synthesis of phthalocyanines. Phthalonitriles are…

WHAT IS FORMALIN? Formalin is the trade name for an organic compound made by formaldehyde and water. It has the chemical formula CH2O and its chemical structure is as shown in figure.1. Uses: Formaldehyde is used mainly in the production of plastics (such as urea-formaldehyde plastics which is used in many manufacturing processes due to its useful properties such as flexural modulus, and a high heat distortion temperature, high surface hardness, low water absorption, high tensile strength, mold…

The goal of this lab was to conduct the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butanol with HCl to form 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, and to understand Sn1 and Sn2 reactions, in terms of how they are different and why one is more likely to happen over the other. The OH group in 2-methl-2-butanol is attached to a tertiary Carbon, meaning the reaction should occur via Sn1, a two-step reaction, and Cl should replace the OH group, to form a tertiary halide. HCl was added to 2-methyl-2-butanol and then several…

In the first step of the experiment, m-toluic acid reacted with thionyl chloride to form the acid chloride derivative of m-toluic acid. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid is first converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate, replacing the –OH of the acid with a better leaving group. The acyl chlorosulfite then reacts with a nucleophilic chloride ion, at which point the chlorosulfite leaves in the form of sulfur dioxide and chloride ion. The remaining acid chloride then reacts with…

Loratadine (LOR) is a second generation antihistamine used to treat allergies without causing drowsiness. The activity mechanism of LOR is a competitive-reversible inhibitor of the histamine receptor tissue, and therefore, this prevents histamine binding and receptor activation [1]. LOR is a drug belonging to a class II in the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), which it has low solubility in water and high permeability [2]. Moreover, LOR is a weak base with a pKa of 5.0 and its…

Chapter Three - Conclusions 3.1 Conclusions This research aimed to verify the synthesis protocol for HPA-12 and analogues from aldehydes of Greatrex et al. (2014). Limited success in synthesising required quantities had a negative impact on the outcomes of this research, and no reasons were identified for the low yields that were obtained. Additional time, or resolution of issues resulting in low yields, would have allowed additional research and confirmation of the synthesis protocol. Long…

Maci Mullins CHEM2130-001 12/8/2017 A Wittig Reaction of trans-Cinnamaldehyde Statement of Question: What is the stereochemistry in the Wittig product, and why is it formed? Hypothesis: There were two possible stereochemical outcomes for this experiment, either cis, (E,Z), or trans, (E,E). The cis product, (E,Z), would form if the double bond and phenyl group added to the same side. The trans product, E,E), would form if the double bond and phenyl group were to add to the opposite sides.…

structure, it overlaps both the functional design, which is what Omidyar initially started out with and the divisional design. Within the matrix structure method, employees belong to at least two groups at the same time. For example, within the functional areas Omidyar set up initially, someone in finance could have knowledge and work in the operations division of the company and vice versa. The workers would also report to two supervisors – one within the functional group and the other within…