Functional illiteracy

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction Caprolactam (CPL) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)5C(O)NH. This colourless solid is a lactam or a cyclic amide of caproic acid. Caprolactam was first described in the late 1800s by Gabriel and Mass, when it was prepared by the cyclization of ε-aminocaproic acid, the product of the hydrolysis of caprolactam. In the months after Schlack’s discovery the first stocking were produced from Perlon. All the Perlon produced went to the war effort.…

Organic Acids An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO2OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. In general, organic acids are weak acids and do not dissociate completely in water, whereas the strong mineral acids do. Lower molecular mass organic acids such…

Benzene, rings are very prevalent in many products that are used on a daily biases by humans, and compounds that contain benzene are often referred to as being aromatic. Benzene has characteristics that differ from many compounds causing it to react differently when mixed with certain compounds. Although benzene has three double bonds, it does not react like a normal alkene in terms of addition reactions. For example, when bromine reacts with a simple carbon-carbon double bond it forms dibromo.…

compounds classified as derivatives of oxoacids and alcohols (IUPAC,1997), however for the purpose of this formal report, esters refer to derivatives of carboxylic acids or carboxylic acid esters. (Gunawardena, 2009) Esters have closely identical functional groups with carboxylic acids which include an acyl group bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to another molecule the only difference is that carboxylic acids are bonded to hydrogen atoms (acyl group bonded to an –OH) while esters are bonded…

to the functional groups in 6-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone. These functional groups are sp2 hybridized carbons at 3031 cm-1, sp3 hybridized carbons at 2981 cm-1, a carbonyl at 1735 cm-1, aromatic carbon-carbon stretching at 1660 cm-1, an ester carbon-oxygen stretching at 1144 cm-1, and alkene carbon-hydrogen stretching at 698 cm-1. There was no alcohol present in this spectra, indication that all of the catalyst was removed successfully. Also the presence of alkene functional…

This is because each functional response has relatively different initial functional response pathways, even though they all are increasing. For analyzing mesozooplankton grazing we would have expected to see the data follow either a Holling type II or III functional response curve. For as Frost discusses in his paper mesozooplankton eventually reach a maximum saturation level, where it no longer…

self-condensation of benzaldehyde with thiamine used as the base catalyst of the reaction. The next step was the preparation of benzil from the oxidation reaction of benzoin with nitric acid. In the oxidation reaction, the alcohol functional group of benzoin was oxidized to form the carbonyl functional group of benzil, while the nitric acid was reduced into a mixture of nitrogen oxides that formed toxic brown fumes. The final step was the preparation of tetracyclone from the aldol condensation…

In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether…

OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS 1) Structure Figure 1.1 The omega-3 fatty acids are also known as ω-3 fatty acids or n-3 fatty acids which contain a long chain of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the chain ranges from 18 to 22 carbon atoms (Collins J.J., 2010). The fatty acids have two ends; the carboxylic acid end (-COOH) and the methyl end (-CH3). The carboxylic acid end is considered the starting of chain which is “alpha” and methyl chain is considered as the tail of the long chain…

INTRODUCTION Conformational isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism whereby the isomers are interconverted by rotations about the single bonds. There be terms used below such as eclipsed conformation, staggered conformation,dihedral angle and a few more. Eclipsed conformation is the conformation whereby the C-H bonds on one carbon is directly aligned with the C-H bonds of the adjacent carbon. When the C-H bond of one carbon bisects the H-C-H bond on the adjacent carbon, it is known as staggered…